Evaluación de la mezcla de Burdeos, aceites y extractos vegetales sobre la mancha de fresa y la producción de frutos

Plant extracts and oils were assessed for strawberry leaf spot control in organic strawberry in the open field. For first cycle, treatments were extracts of rosemary (10 %) (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.) (0.01 %), rue (Ruta graveolens L.) (10 %), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) (1 %), Bordeaux mixture (1 %), cotton (1.5 %) and canola oils (1 %), and water (control). For second cycle, Rosemary (20 %), rue (20 %), turmeric (2 %), canola oil (2 %), and water were used as treatments. A completely randomized block design with five replications was used. An analysis of variance was performed on the severity data, AUDPC and fruit production means were compared by the Scott-Knott and Tukey tests at 5% probability for first and second cycles, respectively. Canola oil (1 and 2 %) reduced disease symptoms in both cycles. Rosemary and rue extracts reduced just when disease severity was low. Cotton and canola oils and rosemary, rue and turmeric extracts increased strawberry fruit production.Se evaluaron extractos y aceites vegetales para el control de viruela en fresa orgánica en campo abierto. Los tratamientos en el primer ciclo fueron extractos de romero (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (10 %), ajo (Allium sativum L.) (0,01 %), ruda (Ruta graveolens L.) (10 %), cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L.) (1 %), mezcla de Burdeos (1 %), aceites de algodón (1,5 %) y aceites de canola (1 %) y agua (control). En el segundo ciclo los tratamientos fueron romero (20 %), ruda (20 %), cúrcuma (2 %), canola aceite (2 %) y agua. El diseño experimental utilizado fue de bloques completamente al azar, con cinco repeticiones. Se realizó un análisis de varianza sobre los datos de severidad, el AUDPC y las medias de producción de frutos se compararon mediante la prueba de Scott-Knott y Tukey al 5 % de probabilidad para primer y segundo ciclos. El aceite de canola (1 y 2 %) redujo los síntomas de la enfermedad en los dos ciclos. Los extractos de romero y ruda se redujeron justo cuando la gravedad de la enfermedad era baja. Los aceites de algodón y canola y los extractos de romero, ruda y cúrcuma aumentaron la producción de frutos de fresa

Percepção ambiental de estudantes do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública / Environmental perception of students in a public school

Para a realização de qualquer processo de educação, planejamento e gerenciamento voltados para questões ambientais é importante conhecer a percepção ambiental do grupo envolvido. Esse conhecimento é fundamental para compreender as relações entre o ser humano e a natureza. Logo, as estratégias em Educação Ambiental devem partir da forma que os seres humanos veem, interpretam e age sobre o meio, contribuindo para formação de cidadãos conscientes de seu papel. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a percepção ambiental de estudantes de uma escola municipal de ensino fundamental, na cidade de Campina Grande, Paraíba. O estudo serviu de base para a elaboração de estratégias de Educação Ambiental desenvolvido na disciplina de Meio Ambiente nas turmas da escola, realizadas durante o ano letivo. Esse trabalho retrata uma pesquisa participante realizada com 135 estudantes das turmas do 1° ao 5° ano do fundamental I. Analisando os desenhos, contatou que a maioria dos estudantes veem o meio ambiente natural (70%) e sem a presença do ser humano. Outros 30% ilustraram o meio ambiente construído, mas com o mínimo de interferência humana, prevalecendo em uma visão preservacionista. Destaca-se que os estudantes não representaram nos desenhos a sua realidade, ilustrando um ambiente com muitas macieiras, coqueiros, animais, muita água, grama verde, flores, ou seja, um ambiente cheio de vida e cores. Verificou-se diferença entre a realidade imediata do meio ambiente e a percepção ambiental do grupo envolvido, requerendo intenso trabalho de Educação Ambiental

Avaliação da gordura abdominal por tomografia computadorizada e correlação com níveis de leptina em homens com lipodistrofia associada ao HIV/ Assessment of abdominal fat by computed tomography and correlation with leptin levels in men with HIV-associated lipodystrophy

Introdução: A leptina é um hormônio essencial no controle da homeostase energética, cuja produção e ação podem estar alteradas em pacientes com lipodistrofia. Sua síntese ocorre principalmente no tecido adiposo, portanto depende da quantidade de gordura corporal. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar a gordura abdominal de pacientes com lipodistrofia associada ao HIV e sua relação com os níveis de leptina. Métodos: Estudo transversal-analítico envolvendo 40 pacientes do sexo masculino com lipodistrofia associada ao HIV. Os níveis séricos de leptina foram medidos por ELISA e os níveis de insulina por ensaio de quimioluminescência. O índice HOMA-IR foi usado para avaliar a resistência à insulina, sendo obtido pela seguinte fórmula: insulina sérica em jejum (?UI/mL) × (glicose plasmática em jejum (mmol/L) / 22,5). A gordura corporal total foi estimada por medidas de dobras cutâneas e bioimpedância. Pacientes com lipodistrofia mista foram submetidos a TC abdominal para medições de gordura subcutânea e visceral, e a relação de gordura visceral/subcutânea (RVS) foi calculada. A correlação de Spearman foi aplicada para associações quantitativas. As medidas de tendência central foram comparadas pelo teste t ou teste de Mann-Whitney, e análises de variância foram executadas com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Foram avaliados 40 pacientes, com idade entre 35 e 74 anos: 27 com lipodistrofia mista, 10 com forma lipoatrófica e 3 com forma lipo-hipertrófica. Os níveis de leptina se correlacionaram significativamente com o percentual de gordura corporal, IMC e circunferência abdominal, mas não com a idade. Os níveis medianos de leptina foram menores em pacientes com lipoatrofia em comparação com pacientes com lipodistrofia mista (p=0,0393). De acordo com os resultados da TC, 70,4% dos pacientes foram classificados como RVS>1 e 29,6% como RVS?1. Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre leptina e gordura visceral (TC), insulina e HOMA-IR, mas não entre leptina e gordura subcutânea (TC). Conclusões: Estes resultados preliminares sugerem que a gordura corporal, com participação do componente visceral, é o principal determinante dos níveis de leptina em pacientes com lipodistrofia mista. Além disso, níveis mais elevados de leptina podem estar relacionados à resistência insulínica em pacientes com lipodistrofia associada ao HIV, independentemente da forma clínica

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions