Mammary gland chondrosarcoma in a German Shepherd bitch: A case report.

Canine mammary tumours are the most common tumours in intact bitches and they constitute about 25% of the neoplasm in this species followed by skin tumours (Benjamin et al.,1999) and their incidence varies from 198 to 622.6 cases per 100,000 dogs per year (Vail and MacEwen,2000). According to Yager et al.(1993),about 95% of them are of epithelial origin while the other 5% are mesenchymal. Sorenmo (2003) reported that half of the surgically removed mammary neoplasms in bitches were malignant. Mammary neoplasms in dogs that are similar to those in humans are of special concern to oncology researchers because they may be used as biological models in the search for more accurate diagnosis, more exact prognosis and a more efficient therapeutic procedures (Pierrepoint, 1985). Reports of this condition in indigenous Nigerian dogs have not been documented. In this report, we present the clinical and histopathological findings associated with mammary chondrosarcoma in a 13-year old German Shepherd bitch. Based on our review of literature, extra skeletal chondrosarcoma is extremely rare when compared with other types of canine mammary tumours (Menten,2002) The tumor, measured 8cm in diameter, was located in the right caudoabdominal mammary gland and the mass weighed 350g. It was very hard with many irregular nodular projections on the surface. Microscopically, a well differentiated chondrosarcoma of the mammary gland was diagnosed. The diagnosis of canine mammary chondrosarcoma is an uncommon occurrence in this environment.KEYWORDS: Dog, mammary gland, chondrosarcom

Assessment of risk factors responsible for canine rabies in Oyo State, Nigeria

Rabies is an acute viral zoonotic disease of the central nervous system. The disease is recognized in all warm-blooded animals where it is known to cause fatal and irreversible encephalomyelitis leading to death. In this study, we carried out a cross sectional questionnaire-based survey to identify the possible risk factors responsible for transmission and sustenance of canine rabies in Oyo State and to what degree the factors are responsible for transmission of canine rabies. A total of 95 questionnaires were administered directly to dog owners across the state. The Microsoft Excel 2016 and The IBM SPSS 21 were used to determine the descriptive analyses of responses from the respondents and the relative risk (RR) of canine rabies occurrence in households across the state when exposed to each of the identified risk factor. Results revealed that the type of management system adopted for rearing and keeping the dogs is a major factor capable of predisposing dogs to rabies disease. In conclusion, the risk factor identified could be referred to as possible impediment to eradicating rabies in Oyo State. Concerted efforts by the relevant stakeholders including the government and the general-public are therefore germane to elimination of canine rabies in the State. Possible solutions to curtail further spread of the disease in the state were discussed. Keywords: Canine rabies, Nigeria, Oyo state, Risk factors, Vaccinatio

Effects of processing parameters on moisture adsorption isotherms of dehydrated catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Effects of processing parameters on moisture sorption isotherms of dehydrated catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at 25 and 30° C and water activity ranged 0.1–0.85 were determined using the static gravimetric method. The interaction of processing variables, regarded as treatment was done using response surface methodology. Three best treatments selected through preliminary sensory evaluation falls within the parameters’ range (brine concentrations (6 and 9%), brining time (60 and 90 min) and drying temperatures (90 and 110o C) and used in the production of the dehydrated catfish. Two unbrined samples, dried at each temperature were used as the control. The moisture sorption isotherm curves were fitted with Oswin, Smith, GAB and BET models. The constants of the equations used in fitting the curves were determined by non-linear regression analysis while the models were compared using the coefficient of determination, root mean square error and reduced Chi-square; and average grade ranking. Microbial qualities of the samples were determined. Sorption isotherms exhibited type II characteristics of BET classification. The equilibrium moisture content of the dehydrated catfish in all treatments decreased with increasing temperature and increased with increasing water activity at the same temperature. Oswin model ranked first in all the treatments and the set of temperature, indicating the best fit for the curves. However, treatment: 9%, 90 min and 90o C provided the lowest monolayer moisture content (0.298373 g water/ 100 g dry matter) of GAB at 30o C which could aid the product stability. Total viable counts of the product samples ranged from 1.0x103-1.6x104 cfu/ g and fungi from 1.0x103-2.0x103 cfu/ g. No pathogenic organism detected; indicating safety for consumption. Information and data useful in designing equipment for commercial processing of catfish with simple dehydration technique and the optimum conditions are provided which could boost the economic importance of catfish

Prevalence and haematological changes associated with trypanosome infection in wild tilapia fish in Ibadan, Nigeria

There is paucity of information on the incidence and haematological changes associated with trypanosome infection in Nigerian fishes. This investigation examined randomly buffy coat and blood smears of Tilapia in the wild by direct microscopy for Trypanosomes and complete haematology were analyzed. Of the 200 samples collected, 17.5% were positive for trypanosome by buffy coat examination. The Packed cell volume (PCV) of trypanosome-infected fish was 15.3+ 0.9% compared to noninfected fish (p<0.01) with PCV of 38.4+1.3%. All the haematocrit values obtained in trypanosome-infected fish showed the pattern of anaemia in trypanosomiasis. The report establishes the fact that trypanosomiasis in fish is similar to those find in animals.Keywords: Tilapia, Wild, Trypanosome, Haematolog

PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH SWINE PNEUMONIAS IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA

Pneumonia is a major economic threat to swine industry worldwide, however, there is still dearth of information on the pathology and associated pathogens in Nigeria, and these were therefore investigated. Lungs from 408 slaughtered pigs were randomly collected from abattoirs in Abeokuta, Ibadan and Lagos. The lung samples were cultured for bacterial pathogens using standard techniques, while formalin-fixed tissues were processed for histopathological examination. Grossly, the most consistent lesion was bronchopneumonia (35.3%). The main histopathological findings were lymphoid hyperplasia of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) (88.2%), suppurative bronchopneumonia (63.6%), suppurative bronchitis and bronchiolitis with concurrent epithelial hyperplasia (57.1%), as well as thickened alveolar septa due to cellular infiltration consisting predominantly of neutrophils (54.1%). Ten different species of bacteria were isolated from the lung samples in which two or more pathogens were isolated from each sample (82.7%). Pasteurella multocida was the most frequently isolated bacterium (54.8%). Among the bacteria isolated, there were significant (P < 0.05) differences in the frequencies of isolation of β-haemolytic Streptococci, P. multocida, Haemophilus species and Escherichia coli between the pneumonic lungs and apparently normal lungs. The results of bacterial culture, gross and histopathological changes recorded in this study are consistent with bacterial pneumonia possibly caused by most of the bacteria identified in the present study.   &nbsp

Sputum grading and conversion rates and treatment outcomes among tuberculosis cases managed in a Teaching Hospital in Southwestern Nigeria: A five year review

Background :Sputum grading and conversion rates are some of the indicators being used to monitor client's progress and response in community TB care.This study assessed sputum grading and conversion rates in relation to TB treatment outcomes among cases managed in LAUTECH teaching hospital in southwestern Nigeria.Methods: Retrospective study involving a review of 176 TB cases managed between 2011 and 2015.A validated checklist was used in collating data from the National TB Control Programme tools. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software version 17.0.Results: The mean age of respondents 39.4+2.3 years, 94.9% had pulmonary TB, while 114 (64.8%) tested smear positive. Majority 144 (79.5%) of the total cases seen were cured while 0.6% had treatment failure. Baseline TB grading showed 33.3% (1+),32.5% (2+),28.9% (3+) and 5.3% (scanty).About 107(93.9%) and 114(100.0%) had sputum conversion after two and five months respectively.Respondents who were cured were about 3 times more likely to have had a sputum conversion compared to those who were not ,(OR 3.8,95%CI 0.9852-14.4865 and p0.0336)Conclusion:The conversion rate of sputum is associated with initial sputum grading,suggesting the need to maximize the efficiency of TB control programmes.Key words: Tuberculosis, treatment outcomes, sputum grading, sputum conversion rate, SouthwesternNigeria

Somatic evolution and global expansion of an ancient transmissible cancer lineage

The canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a cancer lineage that arose several millennia ago and survives by ‘metastasising’ between hosts via cell transfer. The somatic mutations in this cancer record its phylogeography and evolutionary history. We constructed a time-resolved phylogeny from 546 CTVT exomes and describe the lineage’s worldwide expansion. Examining variation in mutational exposure, we identify a highly context-specific mutational process that operated early but subsequently vanished, correlate ultraviolet-light mutagenesis with tumour latitude, and describe tumours with heritable hyperactivity of an endogenous mutational process. CTVT displays little evidence of ongoing positive selection, and negative selection is detectable only in essential genes. We illustrate how long-lived clonal organisms capture changing mutagenic environments, and reveal that neutral drift is the dominant feature of long-term cancer evolution

Mitochondrial genetic diversity, selection and recombination in a canine transmissible cancer.

Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a clonally transmissible cancer that originated approximately 11,000 years ago and affects dogs worldwide. Despite the clonal origin of the CTVT nuclear genome, CTVT mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) have been acquired by periodic capture from transient hosts. We sequenced 449 complete mtDNAs from a global population of CTVTs, and show that mtDNA horizontal transfer has occurred at least five times, delineating five tumour clades whose distributions track two millennia of dog global migration. Negative selection has operated to prevent accumulation of deleterious mutations in captured mtDNA, and recombination has caused occasional mtDNA re-assortment. These findings implicate functional mtDNA as a driver of CTVT global metastatic spread, further highlighting the important role of mtDNA in cancer evolution.Wellcome Trust Investigator Award, 102942/Z/13/A Elizabeth P Murchison Leverhulme Trust Philip Leverhulme Prize Elizabeth P Murchison Royal Society Research Grant, RG130615 Elizabeth P Murchiso

Somatic evolution and global expansion of an ancient transmissible cancer lineage

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:53:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-08-02GPD Charitable TrustLeverhulme TrustThe canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a cancer lineage that arose several millennia ago and survives by “metastasizing” between hosts through cell transfer. The somatic mutations in this cancer record its phylogeography and evolutionary history. We constructed a time-resolved phylogeny from 546 CTVT exomes and describe the lineage's worldwide expansion. Examining variation in mutational exposure, we identify a highly context-specific mutational process that operated early in the cancer's evolution but subsequently vanished, correlate ultraviolet-light mutagenesis with tumor latitude, and describe tumors with heritable hyperactivity of an endogenous mutational process. CTVT displays little evidence of ongoing positive selection, and negative selection is detectable only in essential genes. We illustrate how long-lived clonal organisms capture changing mutagenic environments, and reveal that neutral genetic drift is the dominant feature of long-term cancer evolution.Transmissible Cancer Group Department of Veterinary Medicine University of CambridgeAnimal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities (AMRRIC)World VetsAnimal Shelter Stichting Dierenbescherming SurinameSikkim Anti-Rabies and Animal Health Programme Department of Animal Husbandry Livestock Fisheries and Veterinary Services Government of SikkimRoyal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Easter Bush CampusConserLab Animal Preventive Medicine Department Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of ChileCorozal Veterinary Hospital University of PanamáSt. George's UniversityNakuru District Veterinary Scheme LtdAnimal Medical CentreInternational Animal Welfare Training Institute UC Davis School of Veterinary MedicineCentro Universitário de Rio Preto (UNIRP)Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery São Paulo State University (UNESP)Ladybrand Animal ClinicVeterinary Clinic Sr. Dog'sWorld Vets Latin America Veterinary Training CenterNational Veterinary Research InstituteAnimal ClinicIntermunicipal Stray Animals Care Centre (DIKEPAZ)Animal Protection Society of SamoaFaculty of Veterinary Science University of ZuliaVeterinary Clinic BIOCONTROLFaculty of Veterinary Medicine School of Health Sciences University of ThessalyVeterinary Clinic El Roble Animal Healthcare Network Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of ChileOnevetGroup Hospital Veterinário BernaUniversidade Vila VelhaVeterinary Clinic ZoovetservisÉcole Inter-états des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de DakarDepartment of Small Animal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht UniversityVetexpert Veterinary GroupVeterinary Clinic Lopez QuintanaClinique Veterinaire de Grand Fond Saint Gilles les BainsDepartment of Veterinary Sciences University of MessinaFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Autónoma del Estado de MéxicoSchool of Veterinary Medicine Universidad de las AméricasCancer Development and Innate Immune Evasion Lab Champalimaud Center for the UnknownTouray and Meyer Vet ClinicHillside Animal HospitalKampala Veterinary SurgeryAsavet Veterinary CharitiesVets Beyond BordersFaculty of Veterinary Medicine Autonomous University of YucatanLaboratorio de Patología Veterinaria Universidad de CaldasInterdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of LisbonFour Paws InternationalHelp in SufferingVeterinary Clinic Dr José RojasDepartment of Biotechnology Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management SciencesCorozal Veterinary ClinicVeterinary Clinic VetmasterState Hospital of Veterinary MedicineJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyLaboratory of Biomedicine and Regenerative Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of ChileFaculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences University of MelbourneAnimal Anti Cruelty LeagueClinical Sciences Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine BucharestDepartment of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ankara UniversityFaculty of Veterinary Sciences National University of AsuncionLilongwe Society for Protection and Care of Animals (LSPCA)Wellcome Sanger InstituteDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San DiegoDepartment of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery São Paulo State University (UNESP)Leverhulme Trust: 102942/Z/13/

Recurrent horizontal transfer identifies mitochondrial positive selection in a transmissible cancer

Abstract: Autonomous replication and segregation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) creates the potential for evolutionary conflict driven by emergence of haplotypes under positive selection for ‘selfish’ traits, such as replicative advantage. However, few cases of this phenomenon arising within natural populations have been described. Here, we survey the frequency of mtDNA horizontal transfer within the canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT), a contagious cancer clone that occasionally acquires mtDNA from its hosts. Remarkably, one canine mtDNA haplotype, A1d1a, has repeatedly and recently colonised CTVT cells, recurrently replacing incumbent CTVT haplotypes. An A1d1a control region polymorphism predicted to influence transcription is fixed in the products of an A1d1a recombination event and occurs somatically on other CTVT mtDNA backgrounds. We present a model whereby ‘selfish’ positive selection acting on a regulatory variant drives repeated fixation of A1d1a within CTVT cells