Seroprevalencia de pestivirus de rumiantes en ovinos reproductores de una empresa de la sierra central del Perú

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Border Disease virus (BDV) in breeding sheep from a large cooperative farm in the Central highlands of Peru. Blood samples from apparently healthy sheep of 4 years old, both sexes (female = 165; male = 165) were collected for antibodies detection against BVDV and BDV using the virus neutralization test. The 2.1 ± 1.5% (7/330) and 28.5 ± 4.9% (94/330) of breeding sheep had antibodies against BVDV and BDV respectively, with antibodies titers of 1:2 and 1:16. There was significant association between sex and presence of antibodies against BDV (females: 53.3 ± 7.6%; males: 3.6 ± 2.9%) (p\u3c0.05)

Frecuencia de leptospira spp en porcinos de crianza tecnificada y de traspatio beneficiados en dos mataderos de lima

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of antibodies against Leptospira spp in pigs reared in five well-managed farms (n = 163) and from 11 backyard breeding (n = 133) owners in the valley Lima, Peru. Blood samples (n=296) were collected in two slaughterhouses for antibody detection against eight serovars of Leptospira by microaglutination test. The 85.8 ± 3.9% (254/296) of samples had antibodies against one or more serovars of Leptospira. . The 89.6 ± 4.7% (146/163) and 82.1 ± 6.5% (108/133) of samples from well-managed farms and from backyard breeding pigs showed antibodies against Leptospira spp. The serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, and georgia were the most frequently detected in both groups of pigs. No antibodies were detected against serovars bratislava and grippothyphosa. Antibody titres ranged from 100 to 400, being the highest titles (800 to 1600) detected more frequently in backyard breeding pigs. Serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona were the most common mixed infections found for both type of breeding systems. There were no association between antibodies against Leptospira and type of pig breeding system

Abortive vampire bat rabies infections in Peruvian peridomestic livestock

Rabies virus infections normally cause universally lethal encephalitis across mammals. However, ‘abortive infections’ which are resolved prior to the onset of lethal disease have been described in bats and a variety of non-reservoir species. Here, we surveyed rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers in 332 unvaccinated livestock of 5 species from a vampire bat rabies endemic region of southern Peru where livestock are the main food source for bats. We detected rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers in 11, 5 and 3.6% of cows, goats and sheep respectively and seropositive animals did not die from rabies within two years after sampling. Seroprevalence was correlated with the number of local livestock rabies mortalities reported one year prior but also one year after sample collection. This suggests that serological status of livestock can indicate the past and future levels of rabies risk to non-reservoir hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anti-rabies antibodies among goats and sheep, suggesting widespread abortive infections among livestock in vampire bat rabies endemic areas. Future research should resolve the within-host biology underlying clearance of rabies infections. Cost-effectiveness analyses are also needed to evaluate whether serological monitoring of livestock can be a viable complement to current monitoring of vampire bat rabies risk based on animal mortalities alone

Fluorescent biomarkers demonstrate prospects for spreadable vaccines to control disease transmission in wild bats

Vaccines that autonomously transfer among individuals have been proposed as a strategy to control infectious diseases within inaccessible wildlife populations. However, rates of vaccine spread and epidemiological efficacy in real-world systems remain elusive. Here, we investigate whether topical vaccines that transfer among individuals through social contacts can control vampire bat rabies—a medically and economically important zoonosis in Latin America. Field experiments in three Peruvian bat colonies, which used fluorescent biomarkers as a proxy for the bat-to-bat transfer and ingestion of an oral vaccine, revealed that vaccine transfer would increase population-level immunity up to 2.6 times beyond the same effort using conventional, non-spreadable vaccines. Mathematical models showed that observed levels of vaccine transfer would reduce the probability, size and duration of rabies outbreaks, even at low but realistically achievable levels of vaccine application. Models further predicted that existing vaccines provide substantial advantages over culling bats—the policy currently implemented in North, Central and South America. Linking field studies with biomarkers to mathematical models can inform how spreadable vaccines may combat pathogens of health and conservation concern before costly investments in vaccine design and testing

Long-term maintenance of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli carried by vampire bats and shared with livestock in Peru

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli) have been reported in wildlife worldwide. Whether wildlife is transient hosts of ESBL-E. coli or comprises an independently maintained reservoir is unknown. We investigated this question by longitudinally monitoring ESBL-E. coli in common vampire bats and nearby livestock in Peru. Among 388 bats from five vampire bat colonies collected over three years, ESBL-E. coli were detected at a low prevalence (10% in 2015, 4% in 2017 and 2018) compared to a high prevalence (48%) from 134 livestock sampled in 2017. All ESBL-E. coli were multidrug-resistant, and whole genome sequencing of 33 randomly selected ESBL-E. coli isolates (18 recovered from bats) detected 46 genes conferring resistance to antibiotics including third-generation cephalosporins (e.g., blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-3 blaCTX-M-14), aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and colistin (mcr-1). The mcr-1 gene is reported for the first time on a wild bat in Latin America. ESBL-E. coli also carried 31 plasmid replicon types and 16 virulence genes. Twenty-three E. coli sequence types (STs) were detected, including STs involved in clinical infections worldwide (e.g., ST 167, ST 117, ST 10, ST 156 and ST 648). ESBL-E. coli with identical cgMLST (ST 167) were detected in the same bat roost in 2015 and 2017, and several ESBL-E. coli from different bat roosts clustered together in the cgMLST reconstruction, suggesting longterm maintenance of ESBL-E. coli within bats. Most antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected in E. coli from both host populations, while ESBL-E. coli ST 744 was found in a bat and a pig from the same locality, suggesting possible cross-species exchanges of genetic material and/or bacteria between bats and livestock. This study suggests that wild mammals can maintain multidrug-resistant bacteria and share them with livestock

Ecological determinants of rabies virus dynamics in vampire bats and spillover to livestock

The pathogen transmission dynamics in bat reservoirs underpin efforts to reduce risks human-health and bat conservation but are notoriously challenging to resolve. For vampire-bat rabies, the geographic scale of enzootic cycles, whether environmental factors modulate baseline risk, and how within-host processes affect population-level dynamics remain unresolved. We studied patterns of rabies exposure using an 11-year, spatially-replicated sero-survey of 3,709 Peruvian vampire bats and co-occurring outbreaks in livestock. Seroprevalence was correlated among nearby sites but fluctuated asynchronously at larger distances. A generalized additive mixed model confirmed spatially-compartmentalized transmission cycles, but no effects of bat demography or environmental context on seroprevalence. Among 427 recaptured bats, we observed long-term survival following rabies exposure and antibody waning, supporting hypotheses that immunological mechanisms influence viral maintenance. Finally, seroprevalence in bats was only weakly correlated with outbreaks in livestock, reinforcing the challenge of spillover prediction even with extensive data. Together our results suggest that rabies maintenance requires transmission among multiple, nearby bat colonies which may be facilitated by waning of protective immunity. However, the likelihood of incursions and dynamics of transmission within bat colonies appear largely independent of bat ecology. The implications of these results for spillover anticipation and controlling transmission at the source are discussed

New Approaches for Education and Training in Veterinary Public Health: The SAPUVET Projects

Continued contact between humans and animals, in combination with the ever-increasing movement of human and animal populations that is one effect of globalization, contributes to the spread of diseases, often with detrimental effects on public health. This has led professionals involved in both animal health and public health to recognize veterinary public health (VPH) as a key area for their activities to address the human–animal interface. Veterinarians, a profession with major involvement in this field, are in need of specific knowledge and skills to prevent and control public-health problems. As a result, VPH must be directly integrated into veterinary educational programs. At present, only few veterinary schools have specific VPH programs; in most institutions, VPH does not feature as a specific subject in either undergraduate or post-graduate curricula. SAPUVET and SAPUVETNET II are network projects supported by the ALFA program of the European Union (EU). Their main objectives are to reach a common understanding between European and Latin American universities in the definition of the areas in which VPH is important in their respective countries, and to design a harmonized training program for veterinarians in VPH, by making use of new technological applications and innovative teaching methodologies. The elaboration of educational material in combination with case studies presenting real-life problems provides a basis to apply the knowledge acquired on VPH. It is envisaged that the material and modules developed during the two projects will be integrated into the veterinary curricula of the participating universities, as well as in other partner organizations

Experiences in Teaching Veterinary Public Health across Latin-America and Europe: the SAPUVETNET III Project

Experiences in Teaching Veterinary Public Health across Latin-America and Europe: the SAPUVETNET III Project SAPUVETNET III (n. DCI-LA/2008/75) is the third phase of a series of projects, co-financed under the EU ALFA programme, aimed to support a VPH network constituted by Faculties of Veterinary Medicine of 12 Latin-american and 6 European countries in addition to various collaborating institutions/organizations both at national and international level (http://www.sapuvetnet.org). The project envisages the development and the implementation of a common VPH curriculum, through the use of innovative teaching methods, mainly based on problem solving approach. The authors present here some teaching material developed by the project as an example of new strategies/approach for teaching VPH: case studies, videos and self-learning programme on meat inspection/food hygiene, an Interactive Manual on VPH, as well as e-conferences on upcoming VPH issues. Project partners use a mail-list and distance learning platforms (e.g. Moodle, Colibri) to organize teaching activities. A Journal, “Una Salud/One Health/Uma Saúde”, is also published and distributed both as hard copy or .pdf through the web. Didactic tools produced by the SAPUVETNET projects have been and/or are being tested and used by the partner faculties and other teaching institutions, both for under and post-graduate courses. Teaching material by SAPUVETNET is distributed according to Creative Common criteria and policy (http://creativecommons.org/). It can be freely circulated and distributed, it can be used for distance learning and can be modified/adapted to the local context at each country/geographical area, even outside Latin-America and Europe. Teaching products produced under the SAPUVETNET projects are available at the URL http://www.sapuvetnet.org, or can be obtained from the project co-ordinator(s) and/or the contact persons at the partner Faculties/Universities. The Authors would like to acknowledge all participants/collaborators/partners of the current and previous SAPUVETNET projects who greatly contributed –in different moments and at different levels- to the development of the teaching tools herein described

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Características epidemiológicas de pacientes con equinococosis quística humana en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima-Perú. Periodo 2008–2012

La investigación tuvo como finalidad mostrar la epidemiología de la enfermedad, signos clínicos encontrados con mayor frecuencia, pruebas diagnósticas y tratamientos usados con mayor frecuencia en los pacientes con equinococosis quística humana del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, entre los años 2008 y 2012. Se recolectó información de 204 casos, en su mayoría procedentes de Lima: 161 (78,92) y Huaral 18 (8,82%). El mayor porcentaje de pacientes fueron de 51 años a más, procedía de zona urbana 198 (97,1%) y fueron del sexo femenino. Los signos clínicos reportados con mayor frecuencia fueron: dolor abdominal: 110 (53,9%) dolor torácico: 84 (41,2%), nauseas, vómitos, fiebre, tos, disnea, urticaria, entre otros muy relacionados con la ubicación anatómica del quiste, que fue principalmente en el hígado: 96 (47,1%) y pulmón: 63 (30,9%). Entre los factores condicionantes para la presencia de la enfermedad se encontraron: crianza de perros 102 (50%), alimentación de perros con vísceras crudas 91 (44,6%) y familiares que presentaron EQH 12 (5,9%) entre otros. La ecografía fue el método diagnostico utilizado con mayor frecuencia 103 (50,7%), seguido por la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) 92 (64,5%), radiografía.77 (37,9%) y finalmente Western blot 54 casos (26,6%) e Inmunoblot con 9 casos (4,4%). Tratándose los casos positivos mayormente con cirugía: 49 pacientes (24,0%), albendazol: 41 pacientes (20,1%), o la asociación de ambos: 59 casos (28,9%)