Wild capuchin monkeys adjust stone tools according to changing nut properties

Animals foraging in their natural environments need to be proficient at recognizing and responding to changes in food targets that affect accessibility or pose a risk. Wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) use stone tools to access a variety of nut species, including otherwise inaccessible foods. This study tests whether wild capuchins from Serra da Capivara National Park in Brazil adjust their tool selection when processing cashew (Anacardium spp.) nuts. During the ripening process of cashew nuts, the amount of caustic defensive substance in the nut mesocarp decreases. We conducted field experiments to test whether capuchins adapt their stone hammer selection to changing properties of the target nut, using stones of different weights and two maturation stages of cashew nuts. The results show that although fresh nuts are easier to crack, capuchin monkeys used larger stone tools to open them, which may help the monkeys avoid contact with the caustic hazard in fresh nuts. We demonstrate that capuchin monkeys are actively able to distinguish between the maturation stages within one nut species, and to adapt their foraging behaviour accordingly

Three thousand years of wild capuchin stone tool use

The human archaeological record changes over time. Finding such change in other animals requires similar evidence, namely, a long-term sequence of material culture. Here, we apply archaeological excavation, dating and analytical techniques to a wild capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) site in Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil. We identify monkey stone tools between 2,400 and 3,000 years old and, on the basis of metric and damage patterns, demonstrate that capuchin food processing changed between ~2,400 and 300 years ago, and between ~100 years ago and the present day. We present the first example of long-term tool-use variation outside of the human lineage, and discuss possible mechanisms of extended behavioural change

Medición de gestión cimentado en el principio ético, para optimizar el proceso laboral de los trabajadores de la Dirección General de Desarrollo Humano de Instituciones Parlamentarias Internacionales

The research study raises the management and criteria of a measurement of the ethical foundations and principles, to optimize the labor behavior of the workers of the general direction of human development of International parliamentary institutions. This study methodologically corresponds to a quantitative, descriptive field research, it is “stated that it is based on information obtained directly from reality, allowing the researcher to ascertain the real conditions in which the data have been obtained” (Sabino 1992: 36). The study population is 26 workers who make up the general direction of human development, of the international department of Spain in the area of ​​human resources. The study sample was represented by the entire population. The data collection technique that was applied was the Likert scale survey, with 10 items with a choice of 5 response alternatives, a questionnaire whose validity and content was established through the expert judgment procedure and reliability through the Cronbach's Alpha, an approximate of 75% to 60% strongly agree, with the Management Measurement based on the ethical principle, to optimize the work process significantly.El estudio investigativo plantea la gestión y el criterio de una medición de los   fundamentos y principios éticos, para optimizar el comportamiento laboral de los trabajadores de la dirección general de desarrollo humano de instituciones parlamentarias Internacionales. Este estudio metodológicamente corresponde a una investigación cuantitativa, de tipo descriptivo de  campo se “señala que se basa en informaciones obtenidas directamente de la realidad, permitiéndole al investigador cerciorarse de las condiciones reales en que se han conseguido los datos” (Sabino 1992:36). La población de estudio es de 26 trabajadores que conforman la dirección general de desarrollo humano, del departamento internacional de España en el área recursos humanos. La muestra de estudio estuvo representada por la totalidad de la población. La técnica de recolección de datos que se aplicó fue la encuesta, de escala de Likert, con 10 ítems con una opción de 5 alternativas de respuesta, cuestionario cuya validez y contenido se estableció mediante el procedimiento del juicio de expertos y la confiabilidad por medio del Alpha de Cronbach, un aproximado de 75% a 60% están muy de acuerdo, con la Medición de gestión cimentado en el principio ético, para optimizar el proceso laboral manera significativa

Desarrollo del talento humano para líderes de la gerencia financiera del servicio integrado de administración tributaria

This study intends to develop human talent abilities of leaders in charge of the financial management of the Integrated Tax Administration Service. The main objective is to foster the development of human talent as part of organizational change processes, increasing awareness at the business level about the optimization of time, resources and employees based on the skills identified in work positions. The methodology included an evaluative design supported by a non-experimental design, field research at a descriptive and ex-post evaluative level, and a quantitative approach. Surveys were used for data collection, applying a Likert scale-type questionnaire to a population of 29 representatives of the tax administration in Madrid, Spain. Management by competencies becomes a communication channel between workers and the institution, which makes the organization provide leadership training for its staff in order to develop, optimize and offer continuous training, thus promoting the creation of knowledge and stimulating skills and abilities in each worker.El estudio tiene por propósito el desarrollo del talento humano para líderes de la gerencia financiera del servicio integrado de administración tributaria. El objetivo es el desarrollo del talento humano, por medio de los líderes de gerencia en la administración tributaria dentro del cambio organizacional. Se busca concientizar a nivel empresarial, sobre la optimización del tiempo y de los recursos, así como del empleado en función de las competencias identificadas en su puesto de trabajo. La metodología utilizada fue un diseño evaluativo, apoyado en un diseño no experimental, investigación de campo a nivel descriptivo, evaluativo ex post y de corte cuantitativo. La técnica de recolección de datos empleada fue la encuesta, mediante un cuestionario con escala Likert que se aplicó a la población de 29 representantes de la administración tributaria en Madrid, España. La gestión por competencias pasa a transformarse en un canal comunicación entre los trabajadores y la institución; es ahora cuando en la organización comienza la formación de liderazgo en sus trabajadores, con el fin de desarrollar, optimizar y ofrecer una formación continua del personal capaz de generar conocimientos, así como estimular habilidades y destrezas en cada trabajador

Use-wear and residue analysis of pounding tools used by wild capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) from Serra da Capivara (Piauí, Brazil)

Bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) from Serra da Capivara National Park (Brazil), perform the widest range of activities using stone tools of all the non-human tool-using primates. The behaviours behind this range of tool-use have been closely documented, but little is known about the characteristics of the tools themselves. Here we redress this imbalance and adopt an archaeological perspective to the analysis of capuchin pounding tools. We apply, for the first time, systematic microscopic techniques to the analysis of capuchin stone tools used for digging, cracking cashew nuts and seed processing to characterise their damage patterns combined with residue spatial distribution and micro-remains analysis. This work presents a standardized methodology for future primate archaeological use-wear studies as well as forming a reference collection which can be used to identify different activities within the primate archaeological record. Furthermore, understanding the archaeologically visible traces of primate percussive behaviours represents an initial step in developing a methodology to investigate if similar activities were practiced by early hominins and to help identify these activities in the Plio-Pleistocene archaeological record

Cashew nut positioning during stone tool use by wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)

Wild capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) at Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil, regularly use stone tools to break open cashew nuts (Anacardium spp.). Here we examine 2 approaches used by the capuchins to position the kidney-shaped cashew nuts on an anvil before striking with a stone tool. Lateral positioning involves placing the nut on its flatter, more stable side, therefore requiring less attention from the monkey during placement. However, the less stable and never previously described arched position, in which the nut is balanced with its curved side uppermost, requires less force to crack the outer shell. We observed cashew nut cracking in a field experimental setting. Only 6 of 20 adults, of both sexes, were observed to deliberately place cashew nuts in an arched position, which may indicate that the technique requires time and experience to learn. We also found that use of the arched position with dry nuts, but not fresh, required, in 63% of the time, an initial processing to remove one of the cashew nut lobes, creating a more stable base for the arch. This relatively rare behaviour appears to have a complex ontogeny, but further studies are required to establish the extent to which social learning is involved

Ischiofemoral impingement: an etiology of hip pain: case report

An association between hip pain and quadratus femoris muscle abnormality on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with concurrent narrowing of the ischiofemoral space has been reported in the recent literature. This raises the possibility that the muscle damage observed is due to ischiofemoral impingement. This diagnosis has been noted in middle-aged females either with or without a history of trauma or surgery, is a rarely described feature. We report here on a 31-year-old woman who presented with non-traumatic hip pain and evidence of narrowing of the ischiofemoral space and edema in the quadratus femoris. Nonsurgical treatment was administered, which relieved her hip pain. The diagnosis of ischiofemoral impingement should be considered in female patients complaining of hip pain without any other evident cause.A associação entre dor no quadril, anormalidade do músculo quadrado femoral na ressonância magnética (RM) e estreitamento do espaço isquiofemoral tem sido relatada na literatura atual, levantando a possibilidade de que essa lesão muscular seja causada pelo impacto isquiofemoral. Tal diagnóstico foi observado em algumas mulheres de meia-idade com ou sem história de trauma ou cirurgia. Os autores relatam aqui uma mulher de 31 anos de idade, que apresentava dor no quadril sem história de trauma, com evidência de estreitamento do espaço isquiofemoral e edema no músculo quadrado femoral. Foi realizado tratamento não cirúrgico com alívio dos sintomas. O diagnóstico de impacto isquiofemoral deve ser considerado em pacientes do sexo feminino com queixa de dor no quadril sem outra causa evidente.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) Grupo de QuadrilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) Departamento de Ortopedia e TraumatologiaHospital IFOR Grupo de QuadrilUNIFESP, EPM, Grupo de QuadrilUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de Ortopedia e TraumatologiaSciEL

Comprensión del acoso laboral desde diferentes constructos teóricos

Workplace harassment, also known as “mobbing” is one of the psychosocial phenomena that causes the greatest concern at the socio-occupational level. The presence of this risk, which affects the prevention of occupational risks in the workplace, has been increasing. As a result of the increase in these unwanted events, the study focused on the types of workplace harassment according to the social actors involved, phases of workplace harassment, current situation, effects or consequences of workplace harassment.All attempts to reduce this problem are being proportional to the severity of the situation. For this reason, a study is carried out from a psychological and sociological point of view. Likewise, it is in the power of the companies to develop the necessary mechanisms to reduce this type of actions that harm the victim, but also the entity. If a problem of this magnitude is detected, it is advisable for the affected person to notify the address, and request medical and psychological assistance to alleviate and reduce the negative impact caused.El acoso laboral, también conocido como “mobbing” es uno de los fenómenos psicosociales que causa mayor preocupación a nivel sociolaboral. La presencia de este riesgo que, afecta en la prevención de riesgos laborales en los centros de trabajo ha ido en aumento. A consecuencia del incremento de estos hechos no deseados, se enfocó el estudio en los tipos de acoso laboral según los actores sociales intervinientes, fases del acoso laboral, situación actual, efectos o consecuencias del acoso laboral. Todos los intentos por reducir este problema están siendo proporcionales a la gravedad de la situación. Es por ello, que se realiza un estudio desde un punto de vista psicológico y sociológico. Asimismo, está en poder de las empresas desarrollar los mecanismos necesarios que aminoren este tipo de acciones que perjudican a la víctima, pero también a la entidad. Si se detecta un problema de esta magnitud lo aconsejable es que la persona afectada lo comunique a dirección, y solicite asistencia médica y psicológica para paliar y disminuir el negativo impacto ocasionado

New technologies` impact on workforce and labor law

If we look back, evaluating the last two centuries, the productive environments of our societies have experienced several industrial revolutions that caused great changes in production and that, in turn, generated important changes in societies at all times. Likewise, the digital transformation that has been incorporated into the bases of companies, each one in its measure, has not yet reached its maximum potential, but it has changed the way we live and, therefore, the way we work. Historically, automation has come from the hand of specialization, not because of the manufacture of tractors the land has been stopped, but more has been produced and that production has been managed in favor of employment and economic health. Technological transformations hand in hand with digitalization and artificial intelligence generate opportunities, but they also represent a threat to a good part of traditional jobs and professions, since changes are rapid and the impact of new technologies is much greater; thus, the change in the training and qualification of workers is necessary. Like the looms in the 18th century and the production models at the beginning of the 20th, digital transformation is our present, but it will be much more powerful in the future, as it entails and will entail a redefinition of the labor market and the law that governs it. regulates. Globalization and technological changes have generated a need to address labor law from a global perspective; Furthermore, this right must not only be active, but also effective, solid, in accordance with international decent work standards

ASPECTOS DA QUALIDADE DAS ÁGUAS DA MICROBACIA URBANA DO CÓRREGO ANDRESINHO (MUNICÍPIO DE ARARAS/SP)

Data on hydrographic basin such as Mogi Guaçu river basin are being investigated and stimulated by the basin committees. However, projects involving a detailed study on water quality of rivers and microbasin inside urban areas are still scarce in Brazil. In this sense, the knowledge on water quality of Araras city, mainly near the Campus of Uniararas (Centro Universitario Herminio Ometto, Araras city, SP) was evaluated. Water samples were collected in 8 points across the rivers Andresinho and Veloso, during the dry and wet period of 2006. Physic-chemical variables were determined, such as: temperature, turbidity, pH, DO, DTS, conductivity, nutrients (total phosphate, total nitrogen, N-amoniacal, nitrite and nitrate), BOD, AND COD. The higher values of conductivity in the point 4 and BOD; COD and turbidity recommended to water of classes 2 and 3. These high levels may be related to action building in the Park Linear, located near the Andresinho River. Among the actions of the park building, there was soil turning over and take off the vegetation in order to reposition of molt and grass. So, alloctonous and autoctonous material entered and altered the water quality of the river and silting up part of the lake of the Ecological Park of the city. Key words: Urban River. Urban Park. Water Quality. Mogi-Guaçu River Basin. Araras City. Permanent Preservation Area. CLIMEP – Climatologia e Estudos da Paisagem Rio Claro – Vol.3 – n.1 – janeiro/junho/2008 – RESUMO/ABSTRACTDados sobre grandes bacias hidrográficas como o caso da Bacia do Rio Mogi-Guaçú estão sendo gerados e são estimulados pelos comitês de bacias, porém, projetos que contemplem o estudo detalhado da qualidade das águas de ribeirões e microbacias presentes em áreas urbanas, ainda são escassos no Brasil. Com essa perspectiva, o presente trabalho visa aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a qualidade das águas dos ribeirões que cortam a área urbana do Município de Araras, dando ênfase aos cursos d’água próximos ao Campus da Uniararas (Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Município de Araras/SP). Nesse contexto, foram coletadas amostras de água em 8 pontos ao longo dos Ribeirões Andresinho e Veloso no período da seca e cheia durante o ano de 2006. Observou-se os maiores valores de condutividade (193,9 µS.cm-1) no ponto 4 e DBO (27,6 mg.L-1); DQO (40,6 mg.L-1) e turbidez (90,2 mg.L-1) no ponto 3 para a época da cheia. Valores esses acima dos recomendados para águas de classe 2 e 3 (Resolução CONAMA nº 357). Esses valores elevados podem estar relacionados às obras para a construção do Parque Linear situado bem próximo ao Córrego Andresinho. Entre as ações para a construção do parque houve revolvimento de solo e a retirada de vegetação para a reposição de mudas e grama. Nesse contexto, ocorreu entrada de material alóctone e autóctone alterando a qualidade da água do córrego e assoreando parte do lago do Parque Ecológico da cidade. Ressaltando que as águas do Andresinho abastecem a jusante o referido lago usado pela população para esporte e lazer. A desconformidade com a legislação ocorreu também na época da seca em 4 pontos analisados (P3, P4, P6 e P7) com relação ao fosfato, sugerindo possível enriquecimento desse nutriente originado do solo ou mesmo de esgoto doméstico. Palavras-chave: Rios Urbanos. Parques Lineares. Qualidade da Água. Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Mogi-Guaçu. Município de Araras. Área de Preservação Permanente. Data on hydrographic basin such as Mogi Guaçu river basin are being investigated and stimulated by the basin committees. However, projects involving a detailed study on water quality of rivers and microbasin inside urban areas are still scarce in Brazil. In this sense, the knowledge on water quality of Araras city, mainly near the Campus of Uniararas (Centro Universitario Herminio Ometto, Araras city, SP) was evaluated. Water samples were collected in 8 points across the rivers Andresinho and Veloso, during the dry and wet period of 2006. Physic-chemical variables were determined, such as: temperature, turbidity, pH, DO, DTS, conductivity, nutrients (total phosphate, total nitrogen, N-amoniacal, nitrite and nitrate), BOD, AND COD. The higher values of conductivity in the point 4 and BOD; COD and turbidity recommended to water of classes 2 and 3. These high levels may be related to action building in the Park Linear, located near the Andresinho River. Among the actions of the park building, there was soil turning over and take off the vegetation in order to reposition of molt and grass. So, alloctonous and autoctonous material entered and altered the water quality of the river and silting up part of the lake of the Ecological Park of the city. Key words: Urban River. Urban Park. Water Quality. Mogi-Guaçu River Basin. Araras City. Permanent Preservation Area. CLIMEP – Climatologia e Estudos da Paisagem Rio Claro – Vol.3 – n.1 – janeiro/junho/2008 – RESUMO/ABSTRAC