Antioxidant Activity of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata leaf and Its Extraction Optimization by using Accelerated Solvent Extraction

Andrographis paniculata is widely used as a medicinal plant in many countries and andrographolide is the major bioactive compound extracted from A. paniculata leaf. This study purposely to optimize statistical andrographolide extraction using the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) technique. The Box Behnken design (BBD) was chosen to determine the optimum ASE conditions for the extraction temperature (ºC), cycle number, and extraction time (min) to achieve the highest yield of andrographolide. The optimum ASE conditions were identified as: extraction temperature of 60 ºC, using 3 cycles and 5 min extraction time, with maximum conversion yield as high as 335.2 ± 0.2 mg/g determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with the squared correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.97. The findings revealed the ASE method significantly enhanced andrographolide extraction and agreed closely with the predicted value at 337.5 mg/g. Andrographolide was isolated by preparative HPLC technique. A. paniculata leaf extract and extracted andrographolide displayed moderate radical scavenging activity in 2, 2−Diphenyl−1−picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay with IC50 of 0.883 ± 1.597 mg/ml and 0.514 ± 0.285 mg/ml respectively as IC50 for ascorbic acid was 0.048 ± 0.004 mg/ml.  A. paniculata extract and andrographolide inhibited the tyrosinase enzyme with IC50 of 0.749 ± 0.293 μg/ml and IC50 of 2.441 ± 2.026 μg/ml indicated stronger tyrosinase inhibition abilities than kojic acid, IC50 of 19.985 ± 0.557 μg/ml. These results suggest that A. paniculata leaf extract and andrographolide have greater potential as sources of biochemical compounds that can be used as skin depigmentation solutions

New diprenylated dihyrochalcones from leaves of Artocarpus elasticus

Two new diprenylated dihydrochalcones, elastichalcone A 1 and elastichalcone B 2 and three known compounds were isolated from the leaves of Artocarpus elasticus. Their structures were determined by various spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, MS, 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR). Elastichalcone B 2 and a known compound exhibited good free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 11.30 and 11.89 μg/ml, respectively. © 2013 Phytochemical Society of Europe

Notes and Comments on Recent Decisions

Background Breast cancer is still a leading cause of cancer death among women. Thus, therapeutic alternatives from nature should be explored to lessen this burden. This is vital owing to the common occurrences of resistance in conventional therapies alongside their alarming side effects. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of Artonin E in female mice bearing 4T1 mammary tumour. Methods 4T1 cells in 100 mu L PBS were injected into the right mammary fat pad of each female Balb/c mice aged between six to eight weeks. Treatment was commenced when the palpable tumour attained a size of 50-200mm(3). The treatment groups included Artonin E, at dosages of 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg per oral bi-weekly, 10mg/kg of paclitaxel weekly and 5 percent tween 20 biweekly. Tumour volume and body weight changes were recorded at the staging day and then twice every week throughout the study period. At the end of the study, the vital tissues were collected for histopathologcal assessment and blood samples were taken for serum biochemical analyses. Results From the results, the group treated with either 50mg/kg or 100mg/kg of Artonin E showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in tumour volume. Artonin E delayed quadruple tumour growth by more than five days in comparison to the untreated control group. Histopathology and biochemical analysis revealed no toxicity in the dosages of artonin E used in this study. Secondary tumour, which had metastasized to distant organs were seen to reduce upon treatment with Artonin E. Conclusion With the capacity to reduce in vivo tumour growth, Artonin E has a great prospect to be developed into an anticancer agent

Production of high yield sugars from Kappaphycus alvarezii using combined methods of chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis

The characteristics and functional properties of polysaccharides extracted from Malaysia's seaweeds have not been fully established to date. Hence, this study was carried out to produce high yield fermentable sugars from Kappaphycus alvarezii for the potential production of biotechnology products such as bioflavours. In order to achieve this objective, the effectiveness of hydrolysis process was studied by using chemical treatments, followed by enzymatic treatments. K. alvarezii were hydrolysed in different heating times and temperatures followed by different types of acids and their concentrations. The optimal conditions for chemical hydrolysis were achieved at 8.0 g/100 mL of dried powder K. alvarezii in 0.2 M H2SO4 and HCl at 110 °C for 90 min which produced 34.275 ± 0.976 g/L and 35.872 ± 3.610 g/L, respectively with 42.8% and 44.8% of yield of sugar production. However, there are no significant different between H2SO4 and HCl. Thus, H2SO4 was chose as a catalyst for chemical hydrolysis. As for the combination of chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, several pH of hydrolysates and incubation temperature were studied. The optimum condition for Celluclast activity was at pH 5.5 and 50 °C incubation temperature which produced the highest reducing sugars with an increment of 15.60 g/L from the chemical hydrolysis alone. The yield of reducing sugars after combining both methods reached 62.35% (49.92 ± 1.163 g/L reducing sugar). From this study, the characterization of these seaweeds can lead to a better understanding of their functional characteristics and promote the exploitation of these natural resources for the production of expensive new biotechnology products

Нормирование медицинского имущества как звено логистической цепи снабжения вооруженных сил

ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ, АППАРАТУРА, ИНСТРУМЕНТЫМЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ ДОЛГОВРЕМЕННОГО ПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯВОЕННАЯ МЕДИЦИНАВОЕННОСЛУЖАЩИЕЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИЕ МОДЕЛИЛЕКАРСТВЕННОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ СИСТЕМ

Reduction of breast tumor burden in mice by a prenylated flavonoid, Artonin E

BackgroundBreast cancer is still a leading cause of cancer death among women. Thus, therapeutic alternatives from nature should be explored to lessen this burden. This is vital owing to the common occurrences of resistance in conventional therapies alongside their alarming side effects.AimsThis study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of Artonin E in female mice bearing 4T1 mammary tumour.Methods 4T1 cells in 100µL PBS were injected into the right mammary fat pad of each female Balb/c mice aged between six to eight weeks. Treatment was commenced when the palpable tumour attained a size of 50–200mm3. The treatment groups included Artonin E, at dosages of 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg per oral bi-weekly, 10mg/kg of paclitaxel weekly and 5 percent tween 20 bi-weekly. Tumour volume and body weight changes were recorded at the staging day and then twice every week throughout the study period. At the end of the study, the vital tissues were collected for histopathologcal assessment and blood samples were taken for serum biochemical analyses.Results From the results, the group treated with either 50mg/kg or 100mg/kg of Artonin E showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in tumour volume. Artonin E delayed quadruple tumour growth by more than five days in comparison to the untreated control group. Histopathology and biochemical analysis revealed no toxicity in the dosages of artonin E used in this study. Secondary tumour, which had metastasized to distant organs were seen to reduce upon treatment with Artonin E.ConclusionWith the capacity to reduce in vivo tumour growth, Artonin E has a great prospect to be developed into an anticancer agent

Chemical constituents and biological activities of Artocarpus elasticus Reinw ex Blume

Detailed phytochemical investigation has been carried out on leaves and bark of Artocarpus elasticus (Moraceae) collected from two separate locations, Gunung Nuang, Selangor and Sarawak. Various chromatography techniques such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gravity column chromatographic, vacuum column chromatography, and chromatotron have been used to isolate several compounds of different classes, such as triterpenes, chalcones, flavone, and dihydrobenzoxanthones. Structural elucidations of the pure compounds were carried out using spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR, MS and also by comparison with published data. The crude extracts and some isolated compounds were screened for antioxidant activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, cytotoxicity by using microculture tetrazolium salt assay and antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion assay. The cell lines used in the cytotoxic assay were human estrogen receptor (ER+) positive breast cancer (MCF-7), human estrogen receptor (ER-) negative (MDA-MB 231), human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2), and normal human cell (WLR-68). For the antimicrobial activity samples were tested against Bacillus ATCC, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC, Staphylococcus aureus IMR, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S1211 IMR, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas multocida, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli. Isolation work on leaves of Artocapus elasticus collected from Gunung Nuang, Selangor, Malaysia has led to the isolation and identification of three new dihydrochalcones [elastichalcone A (105), elastichalcone B (109), elastichalcone C (107)], cycloartocarpesin (111) along with stigmasterol (96) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (112). In contrast, detailed study on the bark of Artocarpus elasticus collected from Sarawak afforded one new flavone, elastixanthone (113), together with the known cycloartobiloxanthone (15), artobiloxanthone (79) and artonin E (80). All compounds isolated showed interesting biological activity towards certain bioassays. However, five of the prenylated flavonoids, cycloartobiloxanthone (15), artonin E (80), elastichalcone B (109), cycloartocarpesin (111) dan elastixanthone (113) exhibited good potential for further development as antioxidant agent with IC50 values of 40.02, 11.50, 11.30, 11.89 and 21.60 μg/ml, respectively. Cytotoxic assay carried out on the isolated compound revealed that artonin E (80) possesses potent cytotoxic activity against human estrogen receptor (ER+) positive breast cancer (MCF-7) and human estrogen receptor (ER-) negative (MDA-MB 231) with IC50 value of 2.5 and 15 μg/ml, respectively. Similarly, artonin E (80) and elastichalcone B (109) displayed broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities on the growth of Bacillus ATCC, B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus ATCC, S. aureus IMR, S. pyogenes, E. coli and S. epidermidis

Optimisation of alpha mangostin extraction using supercritical CO2 from garcinia mangostana

This study is designed to optimise the extraction of α mangostin using supercritical carbon dioxide. The extraction parameters were optimised by Box Behnken Design (BBD) with 17-run experiments. The maximum yield of α mangostin is 58.7 wt% under optimum conditions as follows: extraction pressure of 20.01 MPa, the temperature of 46.25 ° C and percentage of co-solvent at 2.9 % of ethanol. To date, this is the first report depicting the optimisation of α mangostin from the pericarp of Garcinia Mangostana Linn using supercritical carbon dioxide

Ultrastructural Study on the Antibacterial Activity of Artonin E versus Streptomycin against Staphylococcus aureus Strains

Staphylococci are facultative anaerobes, perfectly spherical un-encapsulated cocci, with a diameter not exceeding 1 micrometer in diameter. Staphylococcus aureus are generally harmless and remain confined to the skin unless they burrow deep into the body, causing life-threatening infections in bones, joints, bloodstream, heart valves and lungs. Among the 20 medically important staphylococci species, Staphylococcus aureus is one of the emerging human pathogens. Streptomycin had its highest potency against Staphylococcus infections despite the likelihood of getting a resistant type of staphylococcus strains. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is the persister type of Staphylococcus aureus and was evolved after decades of antibiotic misuse. Inadequate penetration of the antibiotic is one of the principal factors related to success/failure of the therapy. The active drug needs to reach the bacteria at concentrations necessary to kill or suppress the pathogen's growth. In turn the effectiveness of the treatment relied on the physical properties of Staphylococcus aureus. Thus understanding the cell integrity, shape and roughness is crucial to the overall influence of the therapeutic agent on S. aureus of different origins. Hence our experiments were designed to clarify ultrastructural changes of S. aureus treated with streptomycin (synthetic compound) in comparison to artonin E (natural compound). In addition to the standard in vitro microbial techniques, we used transmission electron microscopy to study the disrupted cell architecture under antibacterial regimen and we correlate this with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to compare results of both techniques

Chemical structure of artonin E.

<p>Chemical structure of artonin E.</p