THE INFLUENCE OF SNAKE AND LADDER GAME TOWARD STUDENTS’ PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE MASTERY AT THE SECOND SEMESTER OF THE EIGHTH GRADE OF SMP PANGUDI LUHUR IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2016/2017

Grammar is an important component in the use of language which contains the rules in forming the structure of language. In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference. Present Continuous Tense is tense that describe an action that occur at this time (when speaking) and something in the future. The students’ Present Continuous tense mastery in SMP Pangudi Luhur Bandarlampung is still low. The researcher applied Snake and Ladder Game to solve this problem. Snake and Ladder game in this research is a kind of technique for teaching grammar, especially present continuous tense by asking the students to play the modified Snake and Ladder board game. The objective of the research is to find out whether there is a significant influence of Snake and Ladder game towards students’ Present Continuous tense mastery at the Second semester of the eighth grade of SMP Pangudi Luhur Bandarlampung in The Academic Year of 2016/2017. The research methodology used was quasi-experimental design with the treatment held in 3 meetings, 2 x 45minutes for each. In this research, the researcher took two classes, one class as the experimental class in 8A and one class as the control class in 8B. In the experimental class, the researcher used Snake and Ladder game and in the control class the Lecturing Technique. The population of the research was the eighth grade of SMP Pangudi Luhur Bandarlampung. The sample of the research was two classes consisting of 35 students for each class. In collecting the data, the researcher used instruments in the form of multiple choice questions which had been tried out. After conducting the treatments, the instruments were used for post-test. In the data analysis, the result showed that there is a significant influence of using Snake and Ladder game towards students’ present continuous tense at the second semester of the eighth grade of SMP Pangudi Luhur Bandarlampung. From the data analysis computed by using SPSS, it was obtained that Sig = 0.00 an

IoT-based digital twin for energy cyber-physical systems: design and implementation

With the emergence of distributed energy resources (DERs), with their associated communication and control complexities, there is a need for an efficient platform that can digest all the incoming data and ensure the reliable operation of the power system. The digital twin (DT) is a new concept that can unleash tremendous opportunities and can be used at the different control and security levels of power systems. This paper provides a methodology for the modelling of the implementation of energy cyber-physical systems (ECPSs) that can be used for multiple applications. Two DT types are introduced to cover the high-bandwidth and the low-bandwidth applications that need centric oversight decision making. The concept of the digital twin is validated and tested using Amazon Web Services (AWS) as a cloud host that can incorporate physical and data models as well as being able to receive live measurements from the different actual power and control entities. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the real-time implementation of the DT for the ECPS based on internet of things (IoT) and cloud computing technologies. The normalized mean-square error for the low-bandwidth DT case was 3.7%. In the case of a high-bandwidth DT, the proposed method showed superior performance in reconstructing the voltage estimates, with 98.2% accuracy from only the controllers’ states

Physical-model-checking to detect switching-related attacks in power systems

Recent public disclosures on attacks targeting the power industry showed that savvy attackers are now capable of occulting themselves from conventional rule-based network intrusion detection systems (IDS), bringing about serious threats. In order to leverage the work of rule-based IDS, this paper presents an artificially intelligent physical-model-checking intrusion detection framework capable of detecting tampered-with control commands from control centers of power grids. Unlike the work presented in the literature, the work in this paper utilizes artificial intelligence (AI) to learn the load flow characteristics of the power system and benefits from the fast responses of the AI to decode and understand contents of network packets. The output of the AI is processed through an expert system to verify that incoming control commands do not violate the physical system operational constraints and do not put the power system in an insecure state. The proposed content-aware IDS is tested in simulation on a 14-bus IEEE benchmark system. Experimental verification on a small power system, with an IEC 61850 network architecture is also carried out. The results showed the accuracy of the proposed framework in successfully detecting malicious and/or erroneous control commands

Pengaruhi Profitabilitas, Ukuran Perusahaan Dan Struktur Aktiva Terhadap Struktur Modal Pada Perusahaan Sub Sektor Pertambangan Batubara Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan, dan struktur aktiva terhadap struktur modal pada perusahaan sub sektor pertambangan batubara yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang bersumber dari laporan keuangan perusahaan sub sektor pertambangan batubara periode 2009-2014 yang diperoleh dari website Bursa Efek Indonesia. Populasi 22 perusahaan dan terpilih sampel 5 perusahaan sub sektor pertambangan batubara yang dipilih melalui metode purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan variabel profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan dan struktur aktiva berpengaruh terhadap struktur modal.Secara parsial variabel yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap struktur modal adalah struktur aktiva sedangkan profitabilitas dan ukuran perusahaan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap struktur modal. Besarnya koefisien determinasi adjusted R 2 adalah 0,441. Hal ini berarti bahwa 44,1 persen variabel struktur modal dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel independen dalam penelitian ini, sedangkan sisanya sebesar 55,9 persen dijelaskan oleh variabel-variabel lain di luar model

A framework for analyzing and testing cyber-physical interactions for smart grid applications

The reliable performance of the smart grid is a function of the configuration and cyber- physical nature of its constituting sub-systems. Therefore, the ability to capture the interactions between its cyber and physical domains is necessary to understand the effect that each one has on the other. As such, the work in this paper presents a co-simulation platform that formalizes the understanding of cyber information flow and the dynamic behavior of physical systems, and captures the interactions between them in smart grid applications. Power system simulation software packages, embedded microcontrollers, and a real communication infrastructure are combined together to provide a cohesive smart grid cyber-physical platform. A data-centric communication scheme, with automatic network discovery, was selected to provide an interoperability layer between multi-vendor devices and software packages, and to bridge different protocols. The effectiveness of the proposed framework was verified in three case studies: (1) hierarchical control of electric vehicles charging in microgrids, (2) International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) 61850 protocol emulation for protection of active distribution networks, and (3) resiliency enhancement against fake data injection attacks. The results showed that the cosimulation platform provided a high-fidelity design, analysis, and testing environment for cyber information flow and their effect on the physical operation of the smart grid, as they were experimentally verified, down to the packet, over a real communication network

Boosting integration capacity of electric vehicles: a robust security constrained decision making

Global electric vehicles (EVs) fleet is expanding at a rapid pace. Considering the uncertain driving pattern of EVs, they are dynamic consumers of electricity and their integration can give rise to operational problems and jeopardize the security of the power system. Under such circumstances, the implementation of demand-side response (DSR) programs is more likely to be an effective solution for reducing the risks of load curtailment or security problems. This study proposes a voltage stability constrained DSR-coordinated planning model for increasing the penetration level of EVs in a distribution system consisting of photovoltaics (PVs), wind turbines (WTs) and responsive loads. The uncertainties of PV/WT generation, the driving pattern of EVs, and load demand are modeled by an improved form of information gap decision theory (IGDT), hereafter called weighted IGDT (WIGDT). Due to the fact that the proposed model is nonlinear and non-convex, a linearization technique is adopted and the proposed model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), solved using the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) software. The standard 33-bus distribution test system and a real-world smart distribution network, based in the Isle of Wight in the UK, are used to evaluate the performance of the model

Pengaruhi Profitabilitas, Ukuran Perusahaan Dan Struktur Aktiva Terhadap Struktur Modal Pada Perusahaan Sub Sektor Pertambangan Batubara Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan, dan struktur aktiva terhadap struktur modal pada perusahaan sub sektor pertambangan batubara yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang bersumber dari laporan keuangan perusahaan sub sektor pertambangan batubara periode 2009-2014 yang diperoleh dari website Bursa Efek Indonesia. Populasi 22 perusahaan dan terpilih sampel 5 perusahaan sub sektor pertambangan batubara yang dipilih melalui metode purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan variabel profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan dan struktur aktiva berpengaruh terhadap struktur modal.Secara parsial variabel yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap struktur modal adalah struktur aktiva sedangkan profitabilitas dan ukuran perusahaan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap struktur modal. Besarnya koefisien determinasi adjusted R 2 adalah 0,441. Hal ini berarti bahwa 44,1 persen variabel struktur modal dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel independen dalam penelitian ini, sedangkan sisanya sebesar 55,9 persen dijelaskan oleh variabel-variabel lain di luar model

Control and Optimization of Energy Storage in AC and DC Power Grids

Energy storage attracts attention nowadays due to the critical role it will play in the power generation and transportation sectors. Electric vehicles, as moving energy storage, are going to play a key role in the terrestrial transportation sector and help reduce greenhouse emissions. Bulk hybrid energy storage will play another critical role for feeding the new types of pulsed loads on ship power systems. However, to ensure the successful adoption of energy storage, there is a need to control and optimize the charging/discharging process, taking into consideration the customer preferences and the technical aspects. In this dissertation, novel control and optimization algorithms are developed and presented to address the various challenges that arise with the adoption of energy storage in the electricity and transportation sectors. Different decentralized control algorithms are proposed to manage the charging of a mass number of electric vehicles connected to different points of charging in the power distribution system. The different algorithms successfully satisfy the preferences of the customers without negatively impacting the technical constraints of the power grid. The developed algorithms were experimentally verified at the Energy Systems Research Laboratory at FIU. In addition to the charge control of electric vehicles, the optimal allocation and sizing of commercial parking lots are considered. A bi-layer Pareto multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to optimally allocate and size a commercial parking lot. The optimization formulation tries to maximize the profits of the parking lot investor, as well as minimize the losses and voltage deviations for the distribution system operator. Sensitivity analysis to show the effect of the different objectives on the selection of the optimal size and location is also performed. Furthermore, in this dissertation, energy management strategies of the onboard hybrid energy storage for a medium voltage direct current (MVDC) ship power system are developed. The objectives of the management strategies were to maintain the voltage of the MVDC bus, ensure proper power sharing, and ensure proper use of resources, where supercapacitors are used during the transient periods and batteries are used during the steady state periods. The management strategies were successfully validated through hardware in the loop simulation

Perpindahan penduduk, suatu tinjauan terhadap data sensus penduduk 1971 dan supas II : suatu memoranda untuk persiapan sensus penduduk tahun 1981

23 p.; 27 cm