La pharmacologisation de la ménopause : L’hormonothérapie substitutive et ses fonctions dans les discours de « baby-boomers » françaises

La littérature souligne le rôle central que jouent les médicaments dans l’expansion du processus de médicalisation. Les traitements pharmaceutiques modifient également la façon dont les individus perçoivent leur action sur le corps. Cet article, basé sur 26 entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de femmes françaises, s’interroge sur les fonctions qu’elles attribuent à l’hormonothérapie, les comparant à celles rapportées dans les recherches chez les utilisateurs du Viagra. L’analyse met en évidence des usages communs de restauration, de normalisation et d’extension des capacités corporelles. Des différences sont observables concernant l’inscription du médicament dans le corps, qui est interprétée en termes de naturalité ou d’artificialité.Works from the social sciences contend that pharmaceutical treatments play a central role in the expansion of the medicalization process. Drugs also change the way people view their action on the body. Drawing on data collected using semi-structured interviews with 26 women in France, this paper explores women’s uses of hormone replacement therapy and compares them to those reported by earlier works on Viagra users. Data suggest that both drugs are used for restorative, normalizing and body enhancement purposes. Differences are outlined regarding the inscription of the drug in the body which is deemed to be natural or artificial

Fetal testis and estrogenic endocrine disrupters

Des de fa ja molt temps, se sap que els estrògens tenen un paper molt important en la reproducció femenina, i hi ha ja també una forta evidència que poden també estar implicats en la regulació reproductiva masculina. En els humans, en diversos països i durant els darrers cinquanta anys, s'ha observat una disminució considerable en el recompte d'espermatozoides i un augment en la incidència de càncers testiculars, criptorquídies i hipospàdies. En les espècies salvatges, també s'han observat canvis semblants en la vida reproductiva dels mascles. Aquests desordres reproductius han estat atribuïts als xenobiòtics i, particularment, als xenoestrògens que, darrerament, han augmentat progressivament en diversitat i concentració en l'entorn i en el menjar. Estudis epidemiològics, clínics i experimentals han suggerit que l'exposició excessiva als estrògens i als xenoestrògens durant la vida fetal i neonatal podrien conduir a desordres reproductius en la vida adulta. En aquesta revisió presentem, en un model in vitro, que els estrògens afecten directament el desenvolupament del testicle fetal. També demostrem clarament que els testicles fetals i neonatals són molt sensibles als estrògens, ja que el silenciament del receptor d'estrògens alfa comporta un augment de l'esteroïdogènesi, i el silenciament del receptor d'estrògens beta facilita el desenvolupament de la línia cell. ular germinal en el mascle.Estrogens play a major role in female reproduction, but there is now compelling evidence that they may also be involved in the regulation of the male reproductive function. In humans, a decrease in sperm count and an increase in the incidences of testicular cancer, cryptorchidism and hypospadias, have been observed in many countries in the last fifty years. Changes in the male reproductive function have also been observed in wildlife. These male reproductive disorders have been attributed to xenobiotics, and particularly to xenoestrogens, which have steadily increased in diversity and concentration in the environment and in food. Epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies have suggested that excessive exposure to estrogens and xenoestrogen during fetal/neonatal life can lead to reproductive disorders in adulthood.We showed, in an in vitro model, that estrogens directly affected the development of the fetal testis. We also clearly demonstrated that fetal and neonatal testes were very sensitive to estrogens, as the invalidation of the estrogen receptor alpha led to an increase in steroidogenesis, and the invalidation of the estrogen receptor beta enhanced development of the germ cell lineage in the male

Facilitating the commercialization and use of organ platforms generated by the microphysiological systems (Tissue Chip) program through public–private partnerships

AbstractMicrophysiological systems (organs-on-chips, tissue chips) are devices designed to recapitulate human physiology that could be used to better understand drug responses not easily addressed using other in vivo systems or in vitro animal models. Although still in development, initial results seem promising as tissue chips exhibit in vivo systems-like functional responses. The National Center for Advancing Translation Science (NCATS) identifies this technology as a potential tool that could improve the process of getting safer, more effective treatments to patients, and has led to the Tissue Chip Program, which aims to develop, integrate and validate major organ systems for testing. In addition to organ chip development, NCATS emphasizes disseminating the technology to researchers. Commercialization has become an important issue, reflecting the difficulty of translation from discovery to adoption and wide availability. Therefore, NCATS issued a Request for Information (RFI) targeted to existing partnerships for commercializing tissue chips. The goal was to identify successes, failures and the best practices that could provide useful guidance for future partnerships aiming to make tissue chip technology widely available

Anthropologie de l’Europe

Daniel Fabre, directeur d’étudesChristine Laurière, ATER Questions d’histoire de l’anthropologie en Europe (1930-1960) Le but de ce séminaire, premier d’une série consacrée à une reformulation de quelques thèmes d’histoire de l’anthropologie française au XXe siècle, était d’éclairer à nouveau frais la période charnière où une institutionnalisation confirmée de l’anthropologie s’est soudain trouvée confrontée à l’épreuve de l’Histoire. Daniel Fabre avait, il y a une quinzaine d’années, proposé..

Joint source-channel turbo decoding of VLC encoded Markov sources

- Ce papier décrit un algorithme de décodage conjoint pour une chaîne de transmission composée d'une source markovienne, d'un codeur de source et d'un codeur de canal. Le modèle global de la chaîne n'est pas directement manipulable, aussi s'oriente-t-on vers une procédure itérative traitant séparément chaque composant. On s'intéresse notamment aux difficultés induites par les mots de code de longueur variable, et l'on montre qu'un décodage séquentiel des deux premiers composants est optimal

Robust decoding of VLC encoded Markov sources

- Le décodage robuste de codes à longueurs variables (VLC) est un problème conjoint de segmentation et d'estimation du train binaire. Segmentation et estimation robustes du train binaire, en présence de bruit, nécessitent la ré-introduction de redondance dans le flux. Au lieu d'utiliser des codes correcteurs, nous proposons d'introduire la redondance dans le train de symboles, ceci afin d'aider la re-synchronisation du décodeur de VLCs. La procédure revient à étendre certains symboles avec un suffixe. Ces suffixes peuvent avoir une longueur arbitraire (fonction du degré de redondance désiré) et n'ont pas à être reconnus avec une probabilité proche de 1. Ils peuvent être vus comme des points d'ancrage favorisant la vraisemblance des séquences correctement synchronisées et pénalisant les autres

Prevalence and pharmacological factors associated with impulse-control disorder symptoms in patients with parkinson disease

BACKGROUND: Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) occur in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), especially in younger patients on dopamine therapies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of ICD symptoms and its pharmacological correlations in a sample of French patients with PD and without PD (poststroke). METHODS: Outpatients with PD and without PD (poststroke) were screened for compulsive behaviors related to hypersexuality, compulsive shopping, pathological gambling, or compulsive eating by means of the Questionnaire for Impulse-Control Disorders-short version. Full medical history and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores were also recorded. Dose of dopamine agonists were converted to defined daily doses (DDDs), according to the World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system classification system. RESULTS: Two hundred three patients with PD and 52 patients without PD were recruited (mean ± SD age, 67 ± 1 vs 69 ± 2, P= 0.4; males: 62% vs 55% P= 0.2). Symptoms of ICDs were reported by 0% of poststroke patients and 25% of the patients with PD (P < 0.001). Hypersexuality was reported by 10% of the patients with PD, compulsive shopping by 6%, pathological gambling by 3%, and compulsive eating by 14%. A logistic regression analysis found that age younger than 68 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-6.6) and exposure to dopamine agonists (OR, 20.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.7-65.0) or monoaminooxidase-B inhibitor (OR, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-12.6) were significant factors associated with increased ICD frequency. Patients with ICD symptoms were exposed to higher dopamine doses than those without them (1.6 ± 0.1 vs 1.0 ± 0.1 daily-defined doses; P < 0.001). A dose-response pharmacodynamic model disclosed a significant nonlinear dose-response relationship between dopamine agonists and frequency of ICD symptoms (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Impulse-control disorder symptoms were more frequent in the patients with PD than in the poststroke patients with PD. Impulse-control disorder symptoms were related to younger age and exposure to monoaminooxidase-B inhibitors, and showed a nonlinear dose-response relationship with dopamine agonists.Fil: Perez Lloret, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Inserm; FranciaFil: Rey, María Verónica. Inserm; FranciaFil: Fabre, Nelly. No especifíca;Fil: Ory, Fabienne. No especifíca;Fil: Spampinato, Umberto. No especifíca;Fil: Brefel Courbon, Christine. No especifíca;Fil: Montastruc, Jean Louis. No especifíca;Fil: Rascol, Olivier. Inserm; Franci

OBJETOS DE APRENDIZAGEM E SCORM

Apresentar os conceitos relacionados ao projeto, desenvolvimento e empacotamento de objetos de aprendizagem em conformidade com o padrão SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) e ferramentas para criação e empacotamento de objetos nesse padrão

Comparison of Drosophila melanogaster Embryo and Adult Proteome by SWATH-MS Reveals Differential Regulation of Protein Synthesis, Degradation Machinery, and Metabolism Modules.

An important area of modern biology consists of understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype. However, to understand this relationship it is essential to investigate one of the principal links between them: the proteome. With the development of recent mass-spectrometry approaches, it is now possible to quantify entire proteomes and thus relate them to different phenotypes. Here, we present a comparison of the proteome of two extreme developmental states in the well-established model organism Drosophila melanogaster: adult and embryo. Protein modules such as ribosome, proteasome, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, or oxidative phosphorylation were found differentially expressed between the two developmental stages. Analysis of post-translation modifications of the proteins identified in this study indicates that they generally follow the same trend as their corresponding protein. Comparison between changes in the proteome and the transcriptome highlighted patterns of post-transcriptional regulation for the subunits of protein complexes such as the ribosome and the proteasome, whereas protein from modules such as TCA cycle, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation seem to be coregulated at the transcriptional level. Finally, the impact of the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis on the proteome of both developmental states was also investigated.BBSR