Transformaciones en la práctica pedagógica de docentes de primaria asociadas a la resolución de problemas de las matemáticas escolares

209 Páginas"En las matemáticas existen axiomas, principios y métodos importantes; pero resolver problemas es el corazón de esta disciplina” (Halmos, citado en Santos, 2014. p.29) Este documento pretende dar a conocer el resultado de una investigación centrada en la práctica pedagógica de cuatro profesoras de primaria, que problematizan sobre la dificultad que muestran sus estudiantes para resolver problemas de las matemáticas escolares. La investigación es realizada por las cuatro docentes con estudiantes de grado tercero, cuarto y quinto, de la Institución Educativa Departamental Integrada (IEDI) Sutatausa y tuvo como propósito fundamental determinar los factores que se deben transformar en su práctica pedagógica para fortalecer en los estudiantes su desempeño en el proceso de resolución de problemas de las matemáticas escolares. Para llevar a cabo la investigación se adoptó un diseño de investigación acción, el desarrollo del ciclo de Planeación, Implementación, Evaluación y Reflexión (PIER), los principios básicos del Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) y del Modelo Integrado de Resolución de Problema

Prevalence and Characterization of Psychological Trauma in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Preliminary evidence suggests that psychological trauma, especially childhood trauma, is a risk factor for the onset of fibromyalgia (FM).The main objective of this study consisted of evaluating the prevalence and detailed characteristics of psychological trauma in a sample of patients with FM, the chronology of trauma across the lifespan, and its clinical symptoms. We also calculated whether childhood trauma could predict the relationship with different clinical variables.Eighty-eight females underwent an interview to assess sociodemographic data, psychiatric comorbidities, level of pain, FM impact, clinical symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia, quality of life, and psychological trauma.The majority of participants (71.5%) met the diagnostic criteria for current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants reported having suffered traumatic events throughout their lifespan, especially in childhood and early adolescence, in the form of emotional abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, and physical abuse. Traumatic events predict both poor quality of life and a level of pain in adulthood. All patients showed clinically relevant levels of anxiety, depression, insomnia, suicidal thoughts, and pain, as well as somatic comorbidities and poor quality of life. Pain levels predicted anxiety, depression, dissociation, and insomnia symptoms. 84% of the sample suffered one or more traumatic events prior to the onset of pain.Our data highlight the clinical complexity of patients with FM and the role of childhood trauma in the onset and maintenance of FM, as well as the high comorbidity between anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and FM. Our data also supports FM patients experiencing further retraumatization as they age, with an extremely high prevalence of current PTSD in our sample. These findings underscore the need for multidisciplinary programs for FM patients to address their physical pain and their psychiatric and somatic conditions, pay special attention to the assessment of psychological trauma, and provide trauma-focused interventions. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04476316. Registered on July 20th, 2020.Copyright © 2022 Itxaso Gardoki-Souto et al

GUÍA DE ATENCIÓN PSICOLÓGICA VIRTUAL PARA PERSONAS DE GRUPOS VULNERABLES EN CRISIS POR LA PANDEMIA COVID-19

La Guía de Atención Psicológica Virtual “GAPV_COVID-19” se presenta al lector como una herramienta necesaria para los profesionales de la salud y la salud mental. A pocos meses de tener frente a nosotros una problemática de salud pública mundial desatada por el brote de una nueva cepa de coronavirus, médicos, enfermeros, gobiernos y una sociedad cada vez más informada han buscado materiales médicos-psicológicos de apoyo que logren dar atención y orientación oportuna y científica a personas que no sólo padecen o padecieron la infección por la COVID-19, sino a aquellos individuos que temen infectarse o que han visto frustrados sus días debido al encierro prolongado. En México a más de siete meses del inicio de la cuarentena y de los repuntes constantes de personas infectadas por la nueva cepa, un grupo de científicos sumaron esfuerzos para crear una guía útil, práctica y de distribución electrónica gratuita para sus colegas. Su motivación es atender de manera expedita y con altos niveles de calidad los síntomas y padecimientos de las personas en el entorno actual. Estrés, depresión, ansiedad, preocupación, temor y agresividad, o apatía e incredulidad, son factores que se han acentuado a lo largo de estos meses, y que deben ser atendidos con la mayor celeridad posible. En esta Guía se demuestra que la atención y orientación a los padecimientos y síntomas que ha traído consigo el virus SARS-CoV-2, pueden ser oportunos al trabajar on line, pues los paradigmas de la atencion médica se han transformado. Ya no es necesario, en ciertas zonas del país, acudir personalmente con los profesionales de la salud. Una de las enormes ventajas de contar con dispositivos electrónicos y conexión a Internet, es el acortamiento de distancias entre pacientes y psicólogos, con lo que la atención psicológica virtual se convierte en una poderosa herramienta para el tratamiento urgente. Este esfuerzo por conectar a las personas con los profesionales de la salud mental a través de las nuevas tecnologías digitales, pronto verá sus resultados al dar tratamiento adecuado y puntual a las personas que lo soliciten.CONACyT. Apoyo 000000000312728

Características sociodemográficas, bienestar subjetivo y homofobia en una muestra de hombres gay en tres ciudades chilenas

Este artículo describe y caracteriza sociodemográficamente a una muestra de hombres gay en tres ciudades de Chile. Además, describe sus niveles de homofobia y bienestar subjetivo. Mediante un muestreo en cadena tipo bola de nieve se encuestó a 325 hombres que se autodefinieron como gay. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró altos niveles de discriminación y victimización percibida. Además en comparación con estudios similares efectuados en el país, los encuestados presentan niveles mayores de bienestar social. La edad de los encuestados aporta diferencias para los niveles de bienestar social y no para las otras medidas. También, las personas con estudios superiores reportan mayores niveles de victimización y un mayor impacto vital de las situaciones de discriminación. Asimismo, si bien las personas que residen en Santiago reportan un mayor impacto relativo de los hechos de agresión, presentan mejores niveles de bienestar social y felicidad en comparación a las personas que viven en otras regiones

Clinical patterns and follow-up of inflammatory arthritis and other immune-related adverse events induced by checkpoint inhibitors. a multicenter study

Objectives: to describe different clinical patterns of rheumatic immune-related adverse events (irAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and their rheumatic and oncologic outcomes. Methods: we classified clinical syndromes according to five different categories: non-inflammatory arthralgias (NIA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-like, psoriatic arthritis (PsA)-like, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)-like, and a miscellaneous group of patients with other syndromes. We conducted a baseline visit and then follow-up in order to determine their clinical pattern, treatment response, and outcome. Results: we included 73 patients (64% male) with a mean age of 66.1 ± 11.6 years. Main underlying diagnosis was lung carcinoma in 29 (39%) patients, melanoma in 20 (27%), and renal-urothelial cancer in 11 (15%). Main ICI included Pembrolizumab in 24 (32%), Nivolumab 17 (23%), and Atezolizumab 7 (9 %). Seventeen out of seventy-three patients had an underlying rheumatic disease before ICI treatment. Fourteen patients developed other irAEs before or simultaneously with rheumatic syndromes. Main rheumatic irAEs included: RA-like in 31 (42.4%), NIA in 19 (26.0%), PMR-like in 10 (13.7%), and PsA-like in 5 (6.8%), among others. Median time from ICI to irAEs was 5 months (IQR 3-9). Those patients who received combined therapy, had a trend for an earlier presentation than those who received monotherapy (4.3 months IQR 1.85-17 vs. 6 months IQR 3-9.25, p = NS). Mean follow-up time was 14.0 ± 10.8 (SD, months). At the last visit, 47 % were taking glucocorticoids and 11% DMARD therapy. At the last visit, 13 (17.8%) patients remained with persistent arthritis, 19 (26%) had intermittent flares, and 39 (53.4%) had a self-limited pattern. Only in 15.1% of patients ICI therapy was discontinued. Conclusions: we described different patterns according to treatment and irAEs. Combined ICI therapy had an earlier onset of symptoms. Patients who presented as RA-like, had a higher risk of persistent arthritis. After a mean follow-up of more than 1 year, one-fifth of the patients remained with persistent arthritis and 11% required DMARD therapy

Design and Reproducibility of a Mini-Survey to Evaluate the Quality of Food Intake (Mini-ECCA) in a Mexican Population

Evaluating food intake quality may contribute to the development of nutrition programs. In Mexico, there are no screening tools that can be administered quickly for the evaluation of this variable. The aim was to determine the reproducibility of a mini-survey designed to evaluate the quality of food intake (Mini-ECCA) in a Mexican population. Mini-ECCA consists of 12 questions that are based on Mexican and international recommendations for food and non-alcoholic beverage intake, with the support of photographs for food quantity estimation. Each question scores as 0 (unhealthy) or 1 (healthy), and the final score undergoes a classification procedure. Through the framework of a nutritional study, 152 employees of the municipal water company in Guadalajara, Mexico (April–August 2016), were invited to participate. The survey was administered in two rounds (test and retest) with a 15-day interval between them. We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and weighted kappa for score classification agreement (SPSS versus 14 p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). The survey obtained a “good” reproducibility (ρ = 0.713, p < 0.001), and an excellent concordance (ICC = 0.841 Confidence Interval 95% 0.779, 0.885). It can thus be said that the Mini-ECCA displayed acceptable reproducibility and is suitable for the purpose of dietary assessment and guidance

Prevalence and characterization of psychological trauma in patients with fibromyalgia: A cross-sectional study

Background: Preliminary evidence suggests that psychological trauma, especially childhood trauma, is a risk factor for the onset of fibromyalgia (FM). Objective: The main objective of this study consisted of evaluating the prevalence and detailed characteristics of psychological trauma in a sample of patients with FM, the chronology of trauma across the lifespan, and its clinical symptoms. We also calculated whether childhood trauma could predict the relationship with different clinical variables. Method: Eighty-eight females underwent an interview to assess sociodemographic data, psychiatric comorbidities, level of pain, FM impact, clinical symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia, quality of life, and psychological trauma. Results: The majority of participants (71.5%) met the diagnostic criteria for current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants reported having suffered traumatic events throughout their lifespan, especially in childhood and early adolescence, in the form of emotional abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, and physical abuse. Traumatic events predict both poor quality of life and a level of pain in adulthood. All patients showed clinically relevant levels of anxiety, depression, insomnia, suicidal thoughts, and pain, as well as somatic comorbidities and poor quality of life. Pain levels predicted anxiety, depression, dissociation, and insomnia symptoms. 84% of the sample suffered one or more traumatic events prior to the onset of pain. Conclusions: Our data highlight the clinical complexity of patients with FM and the role of childhood trauma in the onset and maintenance of FM, as well as the high comorbidity between anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and FM. Our data also supports FM patients experiencing further retraumatization as they age, with an extremely high prevalence of current PTSD in our sample. These findings underscore the need for multidisciplinary programs for FM patients to address their physical pain and their psychiatric and somatic conditions, pay special attention to the assessment of psychological trauma, and provide trauma-focused interventions. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04476316. Registered on July 20th, 2020