PERFIL ALIMENTAR E ESTADO NUTRICIONAL DE CRIANÇAS NO PRIMEIRO ANO DE VIDA

Resumo – O leite materno é a base alimentar do lactente, devendo ser oferecido de maneira exclusiva nos primeiros seis meses de vida e mantido até os dois anos de idade ou mais. O presente estudo teve como finalidade avaliar o perfil alimentar e estado nutricional de crianças no primeiro ano de vida. Para tal fim, foram captadas crianças de 0 a 12 meses atendidas na Clínica Escola de Nutrição da UFES/Alegre-ES. O perfil alimentar foi avaliado qualitativamente e o estado nutricional através das medidas de peso e comprimento, convertidos nos índices peso/idade, comprimento/idade e Índice de Massa Corporal/Idade. O estudo contemplou 34 lactentes com idade entre 10 dias e 1 ano, sendo 56% do sexo feminino. Verificou-se que 14,7% apresentavam risco de sobrepeso ou sobrepeso, 82,35% dos lactentes consumia leite materno exclusivamente ou com fórmula infantil, 66,6% das mães introduziram alimentos com 6 meses e 10% das crianças já havia consumido refrigerante, biscoito recheado e bolos artificiais no primeiro ano de vida. Faz-se necessária conscientização das mães quanto à introdução alimentar infantil. Palavras-chave: lactente, perfil alimentar, estado nutricional, aleitamento materno, introdução alimentar. Área do Conhecimento: Ciências da Saúde

HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT OF EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS WOOD

 Among the technological alternatives to improve the quality and use of eucalyptus wood is heat treatment, as the wood has some features that may limit its use, such as dimensional instability, high anisotropy, and heterogeneous coloring. This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of time of hydrothermal treatment on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of solid wood of Eucalyptus grandis. We used three trees of E. grandis, selecting only the heartwood, and prepared test specimens with dimensions of 30cmx8cmx3cm (length, width, and thickness). The hydrothermal treatment was performed in a Parr reactor using three reaction times (5, 15, and 25min) at 140°C. Partial removal of extractives occurred, especially in the outer layer of wood. There was an increase of up to 58% of its permeability because of the partial clearing of the vessel elements. There was no degradation of the main constituents of the wood, so loss of mechanical strength was observed. The hydrothermal treatment promoted the partial removal of the hydroxyl groups and/or a structural rearrangement of the hemicelluloses and cellulose, causing a reduction of the hygroscopicity of E. grandis.

EFFECT OF AGE ON HEARTWOOD / SAPWOOD RELATIONSHIP, EXTRACTIVE CONTENTE, AND PERMEABILITY OF TEAK WOOD

Due to the physiological differences in the juvenile and adult phases of teak wood, differentiation occurs in the impregnation by extractive materials along the heartwood regions, assuming that there is also a significant variation in the permeability of this material. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the influence of age on the heartwood / sapwood ratio (H/S), permeability, and extractives content of Tectona grandis L.f wood. Four ages (10, 12, 14, and 16 years) and four trees (repetitions) were evaluated, totaling 16 samples. The H/S ratio, extractive content, and wood permeability were determined, in addition to the average and maximum permeability among all ages selected for calculation of their porosity. The H/S ratio increased over the ages of 10 and 16, and the content of extractive materials increased until the age of 14. There was a high heterogeneity between the permeability values of the wood at all ages analyzed, and one of the possible explanations for this fact is the presence of tyloses in different places on the trunk and the arrangement of the pores around the growth rings

Determinantes do abandono do aleitamento materno exclusivo: fatores psicossociais

OBJETIVO Avaliar os determinantes ao abandono do aleitamento materno exclusivo. MÉTODOS Estudo longitudinal baseado em coorte de nascimentos realizado em Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Acompanharam-se 168 puérperas provenientes da rede pública de saúde em 2011/2012. Foram realizadas três entrevistas com as puérperas: aos 30, 60 e 120 dias após o parto. O abandono do aleitamento materno exclusivo foi analisado no segundo e quarto meses após o parto. Aplicou-se escala Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Escale para identificar os sintomas depressivos no primeiro e segundo encontros, adotando-se o ponto de corte ≥ 12. Foram investigadas variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, obstétricas, condições emocionais e rede social da puérpera durante a gestação e puerpério. RESULTADOS As prevalências de abandono do aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 30, 60 e 120 dias após o parto foram 53,6% (n = 90), 47,6% (n = 80) e 69,6% (n = 117), respectivamente, e sua incidência no quarto mês em relação ao primeiro foi 48,7%. Sintomas de depressão pós-parto e parto traumático associaram-se com abandono do aleitamento materno exclusivo no segundo mês após o parto. No quarto mês, mostraram significância as variáveis: menor escolaridade materna, não possuir imóvel próprio, ter voltado a trabalhar, não ter recebido orientações sobre amamentação no puerpério, reação negativa da mulher com a notícia da gestação e não receber ajuda do companheiro com a criança. CONCLUSÕES Fatores psicossociais e sociodemográficos se mostraram fortes preditores do abandono precoce do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Dessa forma, é necessário identificar e tratar precocemente as nutrizes com sintomatologia depressiva, reduzindo a morbidade a ela associada e promovendo maior duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Os profissionais de saúde, bem como o apoio recebido no lar e no trabalho, podem beneficiar esse processo.OBJECTIVE To assess the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding abandonment. METHODS Longitudinal study based on a birth cohort in Viçosa, MG, Southeastern Brazil. In 2011/2012, 168 new mothers accessing the public health network were followed. Three interviews, at 30, 60, and 120 days postpartum, with the new mothers were conducted. Exclusive breastfeeding abandonment was analyzed in the first, second, and fourth months after childbirth. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was applied to identify depressive symptoms in the first and second meetings, with a score of ≥ 12 considered as the cutoff point. Socioeconomic, demographic, and obstetric variables were investigated, along with emotional conditions and the new mothers’ social network during pregnancy and the postpartum period. RESULTS The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding abandonment at 30, 60, and 120 days postpartum was 53.6% (n = 90), 47.6% (n = 80), and 69.6% (n = 117), respectively, and its incidence in the fourth month compared with the first was 48.7%. Depressive symptoms and traumatic delivery were associated with exclusive breastfeeding abandonment in the second month after childbirth. In the fourth month, the following variables were significant: lower maternal education levels, lack of homeownership, returning to work, not receiving guidance on breastfeeding in the postpartum period, mother’s negative reaction to the news of pregnancy, and not receiving assistance from their partners for infant care. CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial and sociodemographic factors were strong predictors of early exclusive breastfeeding abandonment. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and provide early treatment to nursing mothers with depressive symptoms, decreasing the associated morbidity and promoting greater duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Support from health professionals, as well as that received at home and at work, can assist in this process

ESTUDO DA ADIÇÃO DA LIGNINA KRAFT NAS PROPRIEDADES MECÂNICAS DOS BRIQUETES DE RESÍDUOS DA INDÚSTRIA MOVELEIRA

In order to improve global effectiveness of energy production, a strategy is the model of bio-refineries in which all the components of biomass are totally used to produce a range of products with aggregated value. The kraft lignin is one of the products originated in the process of cellulose production that can be used in making densified products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the behavior of the addition of extracted kraft lignin of black kraft liquor in briquette manufactures with furniture industry waste, in the form of shavings and panel particles in different proportions. The briquettes were produced in laboratory briquetting, using the temperatures of 60, 75 and 90oC. The pressing and cooling time was 5 minutes and pressure 68,9 x 105 N.m-2 (1000 PSI). The briquette quality was evaluated through determining the mechanical properties. The kraft lignin in adequate proportions and temperature showed advantages in the increase of resistance and the durability of the briquettes. The kraft lignin presented advantages such as agglutinative in briquette productions from wood waste at a pressing temperature of 90oC with addition of 20% of kraft lignin, and at pressing temperatures of 60 and 75oC at a proportion of addition of 40 and 60% of kraft lignin to wood waste, respectively.A fim de melhorar a eficácia global da produção de energia, uma estratégia é o modelo de biorrefinarias, em que todos os componentes de biomassa são totalmente utilizados para produzir uma gama de produtos de maior valor agregado. A lignina kraft é um dos produtos oriundos do processo de produção de celulose e que pode ser utilizado na confecção de materiais densificados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento da adição da lignina extraída do licor negro kraft em briquetes confeccionados com resíduos da indústria moveleira na forma de maravalha e partículas de painéis; em diferentes proporções. Os briquetes foram produzidos em briquetadeira laboratorial, usando as temperaturas de 60, 75 e 90oC. O tempo de compactação e resfriamento foi de 5 minutos e pressão 68,9 x 105 N.m-2 (1000 PSI). A qualidade dos briquetes foi avaliada em função da determinação da propriedade mecânica. Determinou-se a carga de ruptura dos briquetes. A adição de lignina kraft aos resíduos de madeira nas proporções e temperatura adequadas apresentou vantagens de aumento de resistência mecânica dos briquetes. A lignina kraft apresentou vantagens como aglutinante na produção de briquetes de resíduo de madeira na temperatura de compactação de 90°C com adição de 20% de lignina kraft e temperaturas de 60 e 75°C de compactação na proporção de adição de 40 e 60% de lignina kraft,  respectivamente

Tempo de clampeamento e fatores associados à reserva de ferro de neonatos a termo

OBJETIVO : Analizar el impacto de tiempo de sujeción y parámetros obstétricos, biológicos y socioeconómicos sobre la reserva de hierro en neonatos nacidos a término. MÉTODOS : Estudio transversal por el cual fueron evaluados los parámetros hematológicos de neonatos de Viçosa, MG – Brasil, de octubre de 2011 a julio de 2012. Se colectaron 7 mL de sangre de cordón umbilical de 144 neonatos a término y sin bajo peso. Los parámetros investigados fueron: hemograma completo, hierro sérico, ferritina y proteína C-reactiva. El tiempo de sujeción del cordón umbilical fue medido utilizando cronómetro digital sin interferir en los procedimientos del parto. Los datos de nacimiento fueron colectados en las Declaraciones de Nacidos Vivos y las demás informaciones fueron obtenidas con la madre de neonato por aplicación de cuestionario en el primer mes post-parto. Se realizó análisis de regresión linear múltiple visando a estimar la influencia de variables obstétricas, biológicas y socioeconómicas en los niveles de ferritina al nacer. RESULTADOS : La mediana de ferritina fue 130,3 μg/L (n=129, mínimo de 16,4 y máximo 420,5μg/L), el promedio de hierro sérico fue 137,9 mcg/dL (n=144, ds=39,29) y de hemoglobina, 14,7 g/dL (n=144, ds=1,47). El tiempo mediano de sujeción del cordón fue de 36 segundos, variando entre siete y 100. El análisis bivariado detectó asociación entre los niveles de ferritina y el color del niño, tiempo de sujeción de 60 segundos, tipo de parto, la presencia de diabetes en la gestación y la renta per cápita de la familia. Renta per cápita, número de consultas pre-natales y la estatura al nacer contribuirían con 22,0% de la variación de los niveles de ferritina en el análisis múltiple. CONCLUSIONES : La reserva de hierro al nacer sufrió influencia de características biológicas, obstétricas y sociales. El combate a la anemia deberá involucrar la implementación de un criterio de sujeción tardío del cordón umbilical para las directrices de trabajo de parto, así como la creación de políticas dirigidas a la reducción de las desigualdades sociales y mejoría de la calidad del atendimiento pre-natal.OBJETIVO : Analisar o impacto do tempo de clampeamento e parâmetros obstétricos, biológicos e socioeconômicos sobre a reserva de ferro de neonatos nascidos a termo. MÉTODOS : Estudo transversal pelo qual foram avaliados os parâmetros hematológicos de neonatos de Viçosa, MG, de outubro de 2011 a julho de 2012. Foram coletados 7 mL de sangue do cordão umbilical de 144 neonatos a termo e sem baixo peso. Os parâmetros investigados foram: hemograma completo, ferro sérico, ferritina e proteína C-reativa. O tempo de clampeamento do cordão umbilical foi mensurado utilizando cronômetro digital sem interferir nos procedimentos do parto. Os dados de nascimento foram coletados nas Declarações de Nascidos Vivos e as demais informações foram obtidas com a mãe do neonato por aplicação de questionário no primeiro mês pós-parto. Realizou-se análise de regressão linear múltipla visando a estimar a influência de variáveis obstétricas, biológicas e socioeconômicas nos níveis de ferritina ao nascer. RESULTADOS : A mediana de ferritina foi 130,3 µg/L (n = 129, mínimo de 16,4 e máximo 420,5 µg/L), a média de ferro sérico foi 137,9 μg/dL (n = 144, dp = 39,29) e de hemoglobina, 14,7 g/dL (n = 144, dp = 1,47). O tempo mediano de clampeamento do cordão foi 36 segundos, variando entre sete e 100. A análise bivariada detectou associação entre os níveis de ferritina e a cor da criança, tempo de clampeamento de 60 segundos, tipo de parto, a presença de diabetes gestacional e a renda per capita da família. Renda per capita, número de consultas pré-natais e o comprimento ao nascer contribuíram com 22,0% da variação dos níveis de ferritina na análise múltipla. CONCLUSÕES : A reserva de ferro ao nascer sofreu influência de características biológicas, obstétricas e sociais. O combate à anemia deve envolver a implementação de um critério de clampeamento tardio do cordão umbilical para as diretrizes de trabalho de parto, bem como a criação de políticas voltadas para a redução das desigualdades sociais e melhoria da qualidade do atendimento pré-natal.OBJECTIVE : To analyze the impact of timing of clamping and obstetric, biological and socioeconomic factors on the iron stores of full-term newborns. METHODS : Cross-sectional study between October 2011 and July 2012 in which hematological parameters were evaluated for newborns in Viçosa, MG, Southeastern Brazil. It involved collecting 7 mL of umbilical cord blood from 144 full-term not underweight newborns. The parameters investigated were complete blood count, serum iron, ferritin and C-reactive protein. The time of umbilical cord clamping was measured using a digital timer without interfering in the procedures of childbirth. The birth data were collected from Live Birth Certificates and other information was obtained from the mother through a questionnaire applied in the first month postpartum. Analysis of multiple linear regression was then used to estimate the influence of biological, obstetrics and socioeconomic factors on the ferritin levels at birth. RESULTS : The median ferritin was 130.3 µg/L (n = 129, minimum = 16.4; maximum = 420.5 µg/L), the mean serum iron was 137.9 μg/dL (n = 144, SD = 39.29) and mean hemoglobin was 14.7 g/dL (n = 144, SD = 1.47). The median time of cord clamping was 36 seconds, ranging between 7 and 100. The bivariate analysis detected an association between ferritin levels and color of the child, timing clamping of 60 seconds, type of delivery, the presence of gestational diabetes and per capita family income. In multivariate analysis, the variables per capita income, number of antenatal visits and length at birth accounted for 22.0% of variation in ferritin levels. CONCLUSIONS : Iron stores at birth were influenced by biological, obstetric and social characteristics. Tackling anemia should involve creating policies aimed at reducing social inequalities, improving the quality of antenatal care, as well as implementing a criterion of delayed clamping of the umbilical cord within the guidelines of labor

Determinants of the exclusive breastfeeding abandonment: psychosocial factors

OBJECTIVE To assess the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding abandonment. METHODS Longitudinal study based on a birth cohort in Viçosa, MG, Southeastern Brazil. In 2011/2012, 168 new mothers accessing the public health network were followed. Three interviews, at 30, 60, and 120 days postpartum, with the new mothers were conducted. Exclusive breastfeeding abandonment was analyzed in the first, second, and fourth months after childbirth. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was applied to identify depressive symptoms in the first and second meetings, with a score of ≥ 12 considered as the cutoff point. Socioeconomic, demographic, and obstetric variables were investigated, along with emotional conditions and the new mothers’ social network during pregnancy and the postpartum period. RESULTS The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding abandonment at 30, 60, and 120 days postpartum was 53.6% (n = 90), 47.6% (n = 80), and 69.6% (n = 117), respectively, and its incidence in the fourth month compared with the first was 48.7%. Depressive symptoms and traumatic delivery were associated with exclusive breastfeeding abandonment in the second month after childbirth. In the fourth month, the following variables were significant: lower maternal education levels, lack of homeownership, returning to work, not receiving guidance on breastfeeding in the postpartum period, mother’s negative reaction to the news of pregnancy, and not receiving assistance from their partners for infant care. CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial and sociodemographic factors were strong predictors of early exclusive breastfeeding abandonment. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and provide early treatment to nursing mothers with depressive symptoms, decreasing the associated morbidity and promoting greater duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Support from health professionals, as well as that received at home and at work, can assist in this process

IFNG +874T/A polymorphism is not associated with American tegumentary leishmaniasis susceptibility but can influence Leishmania induced IFN-γ production

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Interferon-gamma is a key cytokine in the protective responses against intracellular pathogens. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the first intron of the human IFN-γ gene can putatively influence the secretion of cytokine with an impact on infection outcome as demonstrated for tuberculosis and other complex diseases. Our aim was to investigate the putative association of IFNG+874T/A SNP with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and also the influence of this SNP in the secretion of IFN-γ <it>in vitro</it>.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Brazilian ATL patients (78 cutaneous, CL, and 58 mucosal leishmaniasis, ML) and 609 healthy volunteers were evaluated. The genotype of +874 region in the IFN-γ gene was carried out by Amplification Refractory Mutational System (ARMS-PCR). <it>Leishmania</it>-induced IFN-γ production on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatants was assessed by ELISA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There are no differences between +874T/A SNP frequency in cases and controls or in ML versus CL patients. Cutaneous leishmaniasis cases exhibiting AA genotype produced lower levels of IFN-γ than TA/TT genotypes. In mucosal cases, high and low IFN-γ producers were clearly demonstrated but no differences in the cytokine production was observed among the IFNG +874T or A carriers.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results suggest that +874T/A polymorphism was not associated with either susceptibility or severity to leishmaniasis. Despite this, IFNG +874T/A SNP could be involved in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis by influencing the amount of cytokine released by CL patients, although it could not prevent disease development. On the other hand, it is possible that in ML cases, other potential polymorphic regulatory genes such as TNF-α and IL-10 are also involved thus interfering with IFN-γ secretion.</p