Modelo de organização de indicadores para operacionalização dos determinantes socioambientais da saúde

The theme of social determinants and their relationship to the health-disease process in different population groups is highly relevant to public health and has been attracting increasing attention. In this process, theoretical-conceptual models have been adopted to explain how social determinants generate inequalities in health. Such models aim at supporting measures focusing on 'causes of the causes', while indicators related to different determinants have been organized by means of methodologies that allow integrated analyses. Despite such progress, environmental problems that currently constitute important disease-generating factors through ecosystem degradation and climate changes have received little attention as environmental determinants of health, jointly with social determinants. This paper aims to expand the theoretical discussions on the socio-environmental determinants of health by presenting a methodology for the organization of environmental health indicators called Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Exposure-Effects-Action (DPSEEA), with the objective of operationalizing the social determinants of health.O tema dos determinantes sociais e suas relações com o processo saúde-doença entre diferentes grupos populacionais é de grande relevância para a Saúde Pública e vêm ganhando cada vez mais destaque. Nesse processo, modelos teórico-conceituais vêm sendo adotados para explicar como os determinantes sociais geram iniquidades em saúde, de modo a subsidiar ações voltadas para as "causas das causas" e indicadores relacionados aos diferentes determinantes vêm sendo organizados por meio de metodologias que possibilitem análises integradas. Apesar desses avanços, os problemas ambientais que hoje se constituem em importantes elementos indutores da geração de doenças por meio da degradação dos ecossistemas e das mudanças climáticas têm sido pouco considerados como determinantes ambientais da saúde em conjunto com os sociais. Este artigo tem o objetivo de ampliar as discussões teóricas sobre os determinantes socioambientais da saúde, apresentando, para isso, uma metodologia de organização de indicadores de saúde ambiental denominada Força Motriz-Pressão-Situação-Exposição-Efeito-Ação, a fim de operacionalizar os determinantes sociais da saúde

Environmental health and inequalities : building indicators for sustainable development

O Brasil, mesmo com os avanços nos indicadores socioeconômicos ainda se apresenta desigual, situação fruto de um desenvolvimento historicamente excludente. Foi escolhido o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e indicadores sociais, econômicos, ambientais e de saúde para exemplificar essa problemática. Foram selecionados os municípios que apresentavam mais baixos IDHs no ano de 2000 e comparada sua evolução temporal entre 2000 e 2010 por meio de indicadores relacionados aos pilares econômico, ambiental e social do desenvolvimento sustentável. Estes possuem um IDH classificado como baixo (<0.500) e correspondem a países como Laos, Iêmen, Haiti e Madagascar. No âmbito nacional, verificou-se, entre o início dos anos 2000 e o fim dessa década, uma importante melhora do indicador do pilar econômico (diminuição de 23,9% para 8,9% de pessoas vivendo com menos de 1/4 de salário mínimo), sendo que os indicadores referentes aos pilares social (aumento de 86,5% para 90,2% de mulheres alfabetizadas) e ambiental (aumento de 81% para 85% no acesso a rede geral de água), também apresentaram melhoria, embora em menor grau. Concluiu-se que para alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável e com qualidade de vida, a melhora dos indicadores de saneamento e de educação deve ser uma prioridade para o Brasil. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTDespite its progress in terms of socioeconomic indicators, Brazil is still unequal, which is due to an unequal and exclusionary historical process. In this paper we selected the Human Development Index – HDI and other social, economic, environmental and health indicators to exemplify this situation. We selected the municipalities that had the lowest HDI in the country in 2000 comparing their evolution over time between 2000 and 2010 by means of indicators linked to the economic, environmental and social pillars of sustainable development. These municipalities have an HDI classified as low (<0.500), and correspond to countries such as Laos, Yemen, Haiti and Madagascar. At national level, data for the decade show a significant improvement in economic indicators (decrease from 23% to 8.9% of people living on less than a quarter of the minimum wage); social indicators (increase from 86.5% to 90.2% of literacy in women), and the environmental indicator associated with access to the water grid, which also improved to a lesser extent (increase from 81% to 85%). It was concluded that in order to achieve sustainable development with quality of life, the improvement of sanitation and education indicators should be a priority for Brazil

Clustering of groundwaters by Q-mode factor analysis according to their hydrogeochemical origin: A case study of the Cariri Valley (Northern Brazil) wells

Factor analysis was applied to 56 groundwater samples collected from wells located in the Araripe Sedimentary Basin, in the north-east of Brazil. The parameters are a set of 9 physicochemical, chemical, and isotope data, constituted by electrical conductivity (EC), ionic concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO42−, alkalinity and δ18O0/00. In R-mode factor analysis, the first 3 factors explain 62% of the variance, their loadings allowing the interpretation of hydrogeochemical processes that take place in the area. Q-mode factor analysis on the 56 water samples decreases space dimensionality to 6, explaining 93% of the total database information. With the aid of a scalar and angular measurement method, objects were clustered, resulting in 11 groups classified according to their inherent characteristics, related to their hydrogeological origin.Keywords: hydrogeochemistry, R-mode factor analysis, Q-mode factor analysis, Araripe sedimentary basin, Cariri valle

Modelos de organização e análise dos indicadores

Instituto de Ciências Humanas (ICH)Departamento de Geografia (ICH GEA

Definições básicas : dado, indicador e índice

Neste capítulo, são apresentados alguns conceitos básicos e fundamentais para quem deseja trabalhar com indicadores em saúde ambiental. Se a agregação de dados e informações é uma operação característica da criação de indicadores e índices, para que estes possam cumprir sua função de simplificar a alta complexidade inerente às inter-relações entre problemas ambientais e de saúde, é fundamental entender as bases sobre as quais isso ocorre, definindo a diferença conceitual e funcional entre dados, indicadores e índices

Fontes de dados : nacionais, estaduais e municipais

Instituto de Ciências Humanas (ICH)Departamento de Geografia (ICH GEA

Optimizing spray-drying conditions for encapsulation of the next generation probiotic Akkermansia muciniphila DSM 22959

Objectives: Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host” [1]. Among those, Akkermansia muciniphila is one of the most promising candidates proposed as a next generation probiotic. This commensal bacterium has a high potential to be incorporated into foods or pharmaceutical formulations, due to its demonstrated relevant biological effects in several metabolic conditions [2, 3]. For its commercialisation as a probiotic, A. muciniphila must be successfully incorporated into a deliverable formulation. However, its anaerobic nature becomes important to develop a matrix that can confer them protection during the usually aerobic storage [4]. Among the several encapsulation methodologies, spray-drying is one of the most popular due to appealing characteristics in terms of operation, scale-up, costs and efficiency [5]. The present work aims to i) establish a suitable procedure to encapsulate A. muciniphila DSM 22959 using a spray-dryer, without prior encapsulation treatments, by optimizing the spray- drying settings and matrices; and ii) evaluate spray-dried A. muciniphila viability during storage under aerobic conditions at different temperatures. Results: The most suitable matrix for A. muciniphila encapsulation by spray-drying was skim milk. Adequate conditions for spray-drying processing were established, considering inlet and outlet temperatures, to ensure maximum viability upon processing. Skim milk encapsulated A. muciniphila cells also showed high stability during storage for 30 days, under aerobic conditions, both at 22 oC and, specially, at 4 oC. Conclusions: Spray-drying seems to be a promising technique to encapsulate A. muciniphila, particularly using skim milk as encapsulating matrix, ensuring bacterial cells viability (above the minimum required threshold) up to one month under common shelf-life conditions. Significance/Impact of the work: This work presents spray-drying using skim milk matrix as a technological solution for delivering the probiotic strain A. muciniphila and this formulation could be promising therapeutic/prevention option in metabolic disorders. Furthermore, this strategy can possibly be extended to other next-generation probiotics and facilitate the incorporation of such probiotic bacteria into food bases, suitable for human consumption.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Design and characterization of a cheese spread incorporating osmundea pinnatifida extract

Marine algae have been emerging as natural sources of bioactive compounds, such as soluble dietary fibers and peptides, presenting special interest as ingredients for functional foods. This study developed a cheese spread incorporating red seaweed Osmundea pinnatifida extract and subsequently characterized it in terms of nutritional, pH, and microbiological parameters and bioactivities including prebiotic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activities. This food was produced through incorporation of O. pinnatifida extract (3%), obtained via enzymatic extraction Viscozyme L in a matrix containing whey cheese (75%) and Greek-type yoghurt (22%). The product was then subjected to thermal processing and subsequently stored for 21 days at 4 °C. During storage, this food showed a high pH stability (variations lower than 0.2 units), the absence of microbial contamination and all tested bioactivities at the sampling timepoints 0 and 21 days. Indeed, it exerted prebiotic effects under Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5® and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12®, increasing their viability to around 4 and 0.5 log CFU/g, respectively. In addition, it displayed antidiabetic (α-glucosidase inhibition: 5–9%), antihypertensive (ACE inhibition: 50–57%), and antioxidant (ABTS: 13–15%; DPPH: 3–5%; hydroxyl radical: 60–76%) activities. In summary, the cheese spread produced may be considered an innovative food with high potential to contribute toward healthier status and well-being of populations.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio