1,398 research outputs found
Sociolinguistic and contact-induced variation in Hungarian language use in Subcarpathia, Ukraine
In addition to showing regional and social variation, the language use of the minority Hungarians of Subcarpathia, Ukraine, also presents a reflection of the region’s complex linguistic history and its effects from contact with Russian and Ukrainian. On the basis of quantitative empirical findings, this study shows Subcarpathian Hungarians to be a sociolinguistically stratified group of speakers whose Hungarian language use varies in a systematic manner according to sex, age, level of education, and place of residence. The paper also outlines some of the main differences in the language use of Hungarians in Subcarpathia and Hungary which are manifested in statistically significant ways
A P-glikoprotein membrán mikrokörnyezete és működésének gátolhatósága modulátor és antitest együttes alkalmazásával = P-glycoprotein membrane microenviroment and inhibition of pumping by the combined application of modulators and specific antibody
A multidrog rezisztencia hátterĂ©ben gyakran a P-glikoprotein (Pgp) pumpa működĂ©se áll, melynek gátlására jelentĹ‘s erĹ‘feszĂtĂ©sek törtĂ©nnek világszerte. Az UIC2 antitest a fehĂ©rjĂ©t katalitikus ciklusa egy fázisában ismeri fel, Ă©s ott blokkolja. Az Ăgy elĂ©rt gátlás azonban általában kisfokĂş, mert az antitest a sejtfelszĂni Pgp-knek csak egy hányadához kötĹ‘dik - vizsgálataink utĂłbbi jelensĂ©g megĂ©rtĂ©sĂ©re Ă©s befolyásolására irányultak. MegállapĂtottuk, hogy egy korábbi munkáinkban leĂrt teszt segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel azonosĂthatĂł szubsztrát/modulátor (S/M) csoport bármelyik tagja jelenlĂ©tĂ©ben az antitest az összes sejtfelszĂni Pgp-hez kötĹ‘dik Ă©s azt inaktĂv állapotba hozza. Ez a S/M-ok önmagukban hatástalan koncentráciĂłja mellett valĂłsul meg, Ă©s in vivo is megtörtĂ©nik, mint azt xenotranszplantáciĂłs kĂsĂ©rletekben demonstráltuk. MegállapĂtottuk, hogy az UIC2 által mindig felismert Pgp-k hányada (pool I) lipid tutaj- (raft)- asszociált, klasztereket alkot Ă©s az UIC2 kötĂ©s nyomán fokozottan internalizálĂłdik. Számos olyan fehĂ©rjĂ©t azonosĂtottunk, melyek a Pgp molekuláris környezetĂ©ben vannak: ezek nagy rĂ©sze az aktomiozin-kapcsolt trafficking apparátus rĂ©sze. Az antitest által csak egyes S/M-ok jelenlĂ©tĂ©ben felismert Pgp-k szoliter molekulák. MindkĂ©t pool funkcionális Pgp molekulákat tartalmaz, a pool I valamilyen endogĂ©n szubsztrát által indukált ATPáz aktivitás során csapdázĂłdik az UIC2 jelenlĂ©tĂ©ben. A kĂ©tfĂ©le lipid környezet az eltĂ©rĹ‘ oldĂ©konyságĂş S-ok optimális transzportját szolgálhatja. | P-glycoprotein (Pgp), an ABC transporter often responsible for the multidrug resistance of cancer cells, is recognized and inhibited by the UIC2 mAb that freezes the transporter in a particular phase of its catalytic state. However, the degree of this inhibition is mitigated by the lack of its binding to all cell surface Pgps, a phenomenon poorly understood. We have demonstrated that Pgp is present in two distinct subpopulations on the cell surface: Both pools contain functional Pgp molecules, but only pool I is recognized in the absence of exogeneous substrates/modulators (S/M-s), while pool II Pgps bind UIC2 only upon addition of certain S/M-s, identified by a test introduced by us earlier. In the presence of any of this group of S/M-s administered at such a low concentration which is insufficient to cause Pgp inhibition when used alone, the mAb can completely inhibit the pump also in vivo, as demonstrated in xenotransplantation experiments. Pgp molecules of the two pools could be distinguished in terms of membrane microdomain localization, clustering propensity, cytoskeletal anchorage, intracellular molecular neighbours, and trafficking characteristics. Endocytosis of Pgp involves the actin microfilament system, and primarily targets the raft associated pool I, when an ATP- conformational state is stabilized. The presence of the pump in two different lipid environment may be optimal for the transport of S-s with different solubilities
NOTION, TENDENCIES, MILESTONES, PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINALISTICS
Criminalistics is, in essence, mainly a practical and – to a smaller extent – theoretical science of criminal investigation, in other words, it is a branch of criminal sciences that explores, creates, systemizes and applies – within normative legal frames – means and methods for the detection (prevention) and proving of crime. Apart from the supplementary role of the effective – indirect and direct – prevention of crime, its basic functions comprise detection, obtaining as much and as reliable evidence as possible, providing a basis for and ensuring the ultimate establishment of criminal responsibility by the court. In summary, criminalistics is the science of the effective and professional investigation of crime.The study shows the criminalistics’ continental and common law notion, contacts with other criminal and non criminal disciplines and actual world tendencies and the most important six theoretical principles. The author writes about the historical milestones of the development of criminalistics as a fact science.All of them would be useful for the specialist, explorer, data collector, the efficient law enforcer, who undertakes risks and dangers, faces continual challenges, the “great fighter” on the real and virtual battlefields that seem unremittingly infinite, where he/she has really only one weapon in his/her hands: criminalistics as an “international treasure”
Társasjáték a digitális médiában. A digitális játékok elméletétől a digitális társasjátékokig
Ludwig Wittgenstein, a huszadik századi nyelvfilozĂłfia egyik legjelentĹ‘sebb gondolkodĂłja a nyelvhasználĂłk megnyilatkozásainak termĂ©szetĂ©t vizsgálva a nyelv Ă©s a gondolkodás határainak kĂ©rdĂ©sĂ©ig jut el. A jelentĂ©s jelentĂ©sĂ©nek problematikáját kidolgozĂł wittgensteini nyelvkritika a kĂ©rdĂ©sfelvetĂ©s mĂłdja Ă©s a válaszkĂsĂ©rletek tekintetĂ©ben a filozĂłfia logikai, analitikus tradĂciĂłjával, azaz saját kiindulĂłpontjaival is ellentmondásos viszonyba kerĂĽl. Ezek az ellentmondások Ă©s ambivalenciák azonban nem kizárĂłlag a vizsgált kĂ©rdĂ©sek gyakran önreferenciális, tautologikus szerkezetĂ©bĹ‘l fakadnak
The Semantics of Grammaticalization: A Case Study on the Danish Verb Prøve 'try'
The primary meaning of the Danish verb prøve is “to use one’s best ability to do a certain activity or to reach something; make an attempt”; nevertheless, it is also used about activities that do not require one’s best ability. In these cases, it can be argued, the verb has been grammaticalized. The first aim of this paper is to describe the relationship between the literal and the grammaticalized meanings of the verb using NSM (natural semantic metalanguage), based on corpus examples and speaker judgements. Data have shown that the grammaticalized meaning of prøve is reduced when used in the imperative, because it does not contain the assumptions of the speaker as does the non- grammaticalized meaning. On the other hand, the grammaticalized meaning has acquired a new pragmatic feature, namely the friendly attitude of the speaker. The second aim is to describe how the grammaticalized meaning of prøve is related to the Danish “meaning universe”. The analysis has shown that the grammaticalized meaning of prøve includes the element “the speaker wants the conversational partner to feel something good”, which is in accordance with Danish cultural value
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