697 research outputs found
Material didático: um depoimento
O texto apresenta um depoimento sobre a produção de material didático de Língua Portuguesa, centrado na produção de textos, destinado aos alunos universitários. Começando por assinalar a impossibilidade prática de cada professor elaborar seu próprio material, o que seria o ideal, o autor enumera alguns pontos básicos indispensáveis para um bom material de ensino da língua: partir de uma perspectiva mais lingüística que normativa; compreender a norma culta como uma das variedades da língua e uma variedade não mais calcada unicamente nos textos literários; marcar a distinção entre oralidade e escrita; perceber a distinção entre padrão real e padrão normativo. Do ponto de vista da prática da escrita, valorizar sempre o texto e não a frase, sem descuidar dos aspectos estritamente técnicos do que se escreve, e ter em vista sempre a distinção sutil entre informação e opinião, em torno das quais, afinal, se articula boa parte do que se chama hoje de língua padrão
Las enfermedades populares en la cultura española actual
Cabe suponer que cuando se goza de acceso universal a la sanidad, como sucede
en la España contemporánea, la creencia en enfermedades populares termina desapareciendo.
Sin embargo, una investigación de campo, desarrollada en el Suroeste de
Andalucía en la primavera de 2004, indica que aún resta en la generalidad de la población
un considerable conocimiento de un cierto número de enfermedades populares, y
en concreto de la denominada «Mal de ojo». A partir de los datos obtenidos mediante
un grupo de discusión con mujeres que curan estas enfermedades, la realización de una
serie de entrevistas a personas o bien muy familiarizadas con el Mal de ojo, o bien profanas
en esta enfermedad pero que creen en ella, y finalmente una revisión de materiales
de archivo. Este artículo describe un modelo actual explicativo del Mal de ojo y propone
algunas hipótesis sobre la pervivencia de la creencia en esta y otras enfermedades
populares.It might be assumed that in a situation of universal access to biomedical health care,
as is the case in contemporary Spain, folk illness beliefs would have vanished. Field research conducted in the spring of 2004 in Andalusia showed considerable knowledge
in the general population about a number of folk illnesses, including mal de ojo (evil
eye). Based on a focus group conducted with traditional healers, as well as in-depth
interviews with specialists in mal de ojo, in-depth interviews with lay people who believe
in this illness, and review of archival materials, this paper describes the contemporary
explanatory model of mal de ojo and offers some hypotheses as to why beliefs
in this illness, and other folk illnesses, persist
Tailoring the specificity of the type C feruloyl esterase FoFaeC from Fusarium oxysporum towards methyl sinapate by rational redesign based on small molecule docking simulations
The type C feruloyl esterase FoFaeC from Fusarium oxysporum is a newly discovered enzyme with high potential for use in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass but it shows low activity towards sinapates. In this work, small molecule docking simulations were employed in order to identify important residues for the binding of the four model methyl esters of hydroxycinnamic acids, methyl ferulate/caffeate/sinapate/p-coumarate, to the predicted structure of FoFaeC. Subsequently rational redesign was applied to the enzyme’ active site in order to improve its specificity towards methyl sinapate. A double mutation (F230H/T202V) was considered to provide hydrophobic environment for stabilization of the methoxy substitution on sinapate and a larger binding pocket. Five mutant clones and the wild type were produced in Pichia pastoris and biochemically characterized. All clones showed improved activity, substrate affinity, catalytic efficiency and turnover rate compared to the wild type against methyl sinapate, with clone P13 showing a 5-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency. Although the affinity of all mutant clones was improved against the four model substrates, the catalytic efficiency and turnover rate decreased for the substrates containing a hydroxyl substitution
Lack of uniqueness for weak solutions of the incompressible porous media equation
In this work we consider weak solutions of the incompressible 2-D porous
media equation. By using the approach of De Lellis-Sz\'ekelyhidi we prove
non-uniqueness for solutions in in space and time.Comment: 23 pages, 2 fugure
Improved production of succinic acid from Basfia succiniciproducens growing on A-donax and process evaluation through material flow analysis
BackgroundDue to its wide range of applications in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical fields, microbial synthesis of succinic acid is receiving growing attention, generating already relevant industrial results, as well as fueling constant research for improvements. In order to develop a sustainable process, a special focus is now set on the exploitation and conversion of lignocellulosic biomasses into platform chemicals.ResultsIn the present work we used Basfia succiniciproducens BPP7 in separated hydrolysis and fermentation experiments with Arundo donax as starting material. Fed-batch strategies showed a maximal production of about 37g/L of succinic acid after 43h of growth and a productivity of 0.9g/Lh on the pilot scale. Global mass balance calculations demonstrated a hydrolysis and fermentation efficiency of about 75%. Moreover, the application of a material flow analysis showed the obtainment of 88.5 and 52 % of succinic acid, per kg of virgin biomass and on the total generated output, respectively.ConclusionsThe use of fed-batch strategies for the growth of B. succiniciproducens on A. donax improved the titer and productivity of succinic acid on pre-pilot scale. Process evaluation through material flow analysis showed successful results and predicted a yield of succinic acid of about 30% in a fed-batch process that uses A. donax as only carbon source also in the feed. Preliminary considerations on the possibility to achieve an energetic valorization of the residual solid coming from the fermentation process were also carried out
Screening of fungal strains for cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities production and evaluation of brewers’ spent grain as substrate for enzyme production by selected fungi
Brewer’s spent grain (BSG), the solid residue of beer production, is attracting significant
attention as raw material for the production of added value substances, since until recently it was
mainly used as animal feed or deposited in landfills, causing serious environmental problems.
Therefore, this work aimed at developing a bioprocess using BSG as a substrate for the production of
cellulases and xylanases for waste saccharification and bioenergy production. Different fungi were
analyzed for their cellulolytic and xylanolytic abilities, through a first screening on solid media by
assessment of fungal growth and enzyme production on agar containing carboxylmethylcellulose or
xylan as the sole carbon source, respectively. The best cellulase and xylanase producers were subjected
to quantitative evaluation of enzyme production in liquid cultures. Aspergillus niger LPB-334 was
selected for its ability to produce cellulase and xylanase at high levels and it was cultivated on BSG
by solid state fermentation. The cellulase production reached a maximum of 118.04 8.4 U/g of dry
substrate after 10 days of fermentation, while a maximum xylanase production of 1315.15 37.5 U/g
of dry substrate was reached after 4 days. Preliminary characterization of cellulase and xylanase
activities and identification of the enzymes responsible were carried out
Interaction of perceptual grouping and crossmodal temporal capture in tactile apparent-motion
Previous studies have shown that in tasks requiring participants to report the direction of apparent motion, task-irrelevant mono-beeps can "capture'' visual motion perception when the beeps occur temporally close to the visual stimuli. However, the contributions of the relative timing of multimodal events and the event structure, modulating uni- and/or crossmodal perceptual grouping, remain unclear. To examine this question and extend the investigation to the tactile modality, the current experiments presented tactile two-tap apparent-motion streams, with an SOA of 400 ms between successive, left-/right-hand middle-finger taps, accompanied by task-irrelevant, non-spatial auditory stimuli. The streams were shown for 90 seconds, and participants' task was to continuously report the perceived (left-or rightward) direction of tactile motion. In Experiment 1, each tactile stimulus was paired with an auditory beep, though odd-numbered taps were paired with an asynchronous beep, with audiotactile SOAs ranging from -75 ms to 75 ms. Perceived direction of tactile motion varied systematically with audiotactile SOA, indicative of a temporal-capture effect. In Experiment 2, two audiotactile SOAs-one short (75 ms), one long (325 ms)-were compared. The long-SOA condition preserved the crossmodal event structure (so the temporal-capture dynamics should have been similar to that in Experiment 1), but both beeps now occurred temporally close to the taps on one side (even-numbered taps). The two SOAs were found to produce opposite modulations of apparent motion, indicative of an influence of crossmodal grouping. In Experiment 3, only odd-numbered, but not even-numbered, taps were paired with auditory beeps. This abolished the temporal-capture effect and, instead, a dominant percept of apparent motion from the audiotactile side to the tactile-only side was observed independently of the SOA variation. These findings suggest that asymmetric crossmodal grouping leads to an attentional modulation of apparent motion, which inhibits crossmodal temporal-capture effects
Determinação do teor de lipídios das amêndoas do tucumã-do-amazonas (Astrocaryum aculeatum) e do tucumã-do-pará (Astrocaryum vulgare).
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