Concatenación temporal de modelos espaciales y su aplicación al estudio de la meningitis en España

La cartografía de enfermedades infecciosas en periodos sucesivos plantea la necesidad de su extensión al caso dinámico. En este trabajo proponemos la concatenación temporal de modelos auto-regresivos espaciales para abordar el análisis de mortalidad por meningitis en España en el período 1950-1990 con datos agregados a nivel provincial. Para la estimación v selección del modelo usamos técnicas basadas en la función de verosimilitud

Clavo de bloqueo Gamma: experiencia inicial y resultados

Se ha estudiado una serie de 243 fracturas de cadera tratadas mediante clavo Gamma en un período de 3 años y medio. Se analiza el estado general previo del paciente, tiempo de intervención quirúrgica, comienzo de deambulación y tiempo de hospitalización, haciendo especial énfasis en las complicaciones. El 72% de los pacientes comenzaron la deambulación durante la primera semana y la consolidación se consiguió en un plazo medio de 9 semanas. La complicación intraopcratoria más frecuente fue la inserción de los tornillos distales (15% de los casos); otras complicaciones relacionadas con la técnica fueron 2 perforaciones capitales, 5 fracturas diafisarias durante la intervención o la estancia hospitalaria y 5 extrusiones del tornillo de cuello. Como complicaciones tardías tuvimos 2 infecciones, 4 fracturas diafisarias, 1 fractura subcapital, 1 necrosis cefálica y una rotura del clavo. Como conclusión, el clavo Gamma es un buen método de osteosíntesis para las fracturas inestables del macizo trocantéreo y fracturas subtrocantéreas, aunque precisa una técnica muy cuidadosa.A serie of 243 hip fractures treated with Gamma nail in a period of 3.5 years was reviewed. The patient previous general condition, surgical time, time for total weight-bearing, hospitalization period, and complications were analized. Weight-bearing begun during first week in 72% of all patients and 9 weeks was the average time of consolidation of the fractures. The most frecuent surgical complication was insertion of distal screws (15%), other technique complications were 2 capital perforations, 5 femoral shaft fractures during surgery or hospitalization period and 5 cut-out of the lag screw. Two infections, 4 femoral shaft fractures, 1 femoral neck fracture, 1 aseptic necrosis of femoral head and 1 material failure were late complications. As conclusion, the Gamma nail is a good method of osteosynthesis for unstable trochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures, although it needs a careful technique

Asynchronous sensor fusion of GPS, IMU and CAN-based odometry for heavy-duty vehicles

In heavy-duty vehicles, multiple signals are available to estimate the vehicle's kinematics, such as Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Global Positioning System (GPS) and linear and angular speed readings from wheel tachometers on the internal Controller Area Network (CAN). These signals have different noise variance, bandwidth and sampling rate (being the latter, possibly, irregular). In this paper we present a non-linear sensor fusion algorithm allowing asynchronous sampling and non-causal smoothing. It is applied to achieve accuracy improvements when incorporating odometry measurements from CAN bus to standard GPS+IMU kinematic estimation, as well as the robustness against missing data. Our results show that this asynchronous multi-sensor (GPS+IMU+CAN-based odometry) fusion is advantageous in low-speed manoeuvres, improving accuracy and robustness to missing data, thanks to non-causal filtering. The proposed algorithm is based on Extended Kalman Filter and Smoother, with exponential discretization of continuous-time stochastic differential equations, in order to process measurements at arbitrary time instants; it can provide data to subsequent processing steps at arbitrary time instants, not necessarily coincident with the original measurement ones. Given the extra information available in the smoothing case, its estimation performance is less sensitive to the noise-variance parameter setting, compared to causal filtering. Working Matlab code is provided at the end of this work

Drive Force and Longitudinal Dynamics Estimation in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Modelling the dynamic behaviour of heavy vehicles, such as buses or trucks, can be very useful for driving simulation and training, autonomous driving, crash analysis, etc. However, dynamic modelling of a vehicle is a difficult task because there are many subsystems and signals that affect its behaviour. In addition, it might be hard to combine data because available signals come at different rates, or even some samples might be missed due to disturbances or communication issues. In this paper, we propose a non-invasive data acquisition hardware/software setup to carry out several experiments with an urban bus, in order to collect data from one of the internal communication networks and other embedded systems. Subsequently, non-conventional sampling data fusion using a Kalman filter has been implemented to fuse data gathered from different sources, connected through a wireless network (the vehicle's internal CAN bus messages, IMU, GPS, and other sensors placed in pedals). Our results show that the proposed combination of experimental data gathering and multi-rate filtering algorithm allows useful signal estimation for vehicle identification and modelling, even when data samples are missing

Topology and shape optimization of dissipative and hybrid mufflers

[EN] This article presents a Topology Optimization (TO) method developed for maximizing the acoustic attenuation of a perforated dissipative muffler in the targeted frequency range by optimally distributing the absorbent material within the chamber. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is applied to the wave equation formulated in terms of acoustic pressure (chamber) and velocity potential (central duct, due to the existence of thermal gradients and mean flow) in order to evaluate the acoustic performance of the noise control device in terms of Transmission Loss (TL). Sound propagation through the chamber fibrous material is modelled considering complex equivalent acoustic properties, which vary spatially not only as a function of temperature, but also as a function of the lling density, since non-homogeneous density distributions are considered. The acoustic coupling at the perforated duct is performed by introducing a coordinate-dependent equivalent impedance. The objective function to maximize is expressed as the mean TL in the targeted frequency range. The sensitivities of this function with respect to the filling density of each element in the chamber are evaluated following the standard adjoint method. The Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) is used to update the design variables at each iteration of the TO process, keeping the weight of absorbent material equal or lower than a given value, while maximizing attenuation. Additionally, several particular designs inferred from the topology optimization results are analyzed. For example, the sizing optimization of a number of rings is carried out simultaneously with the aforementioned TO process (density layout). A reactive chamber is added in order to evaluate the TL of a hybrid muffler and its shape optimization is also carried out simultaneously with the aforementioned TO. Results show an increase in the muffler's mean TL at target frequencies, for all cases under study, while the amount of absorbent material used is maintained or even reduced.Ferrándiz-Catalá, B.; Denia, FD.; Martínez Casas, J.; Nadal, E.; Ródenas, JJ. (2020). Topology and shape optimization of dissipative and hybrid mufflers. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. 62(1):269-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-020-02490-xS269284621Allard JF, Atalla N (2009) Propagation of Sound in Porous Media: Modelling Sound Absorbing Materials. Wiley, ChichesterAntebas AG, Denia FD, Pedrosa AM, Fuenmayor FJ (2013) A finite element approach for the acoustic modelling of perforated dissipative mufflers with non-homogeneous properties. Math Comput Model 57:1970–1978Atkinson KE (1989) An Introduction to Numerical Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd EditionAzevedo FM, Moura MS, Vicente WM, Picelli R, Pavanello R (2017) Topology optimization of reactive acoustic mufflers using a bi-directional evolutionary optimization method. Struct Multidiscip Optim 58:2239–2252Barbieri R, Barbieri N (2006) Finite element acoustic simulation based shape optimization of a muffler. Appl Acoust 67:346–357Chang YC, Chiu MC (2008) Shape optimization of one-chamber perforated plug/non-plug mufflers by simulated annealing method. Int J Numer Methods Eng 74:1592–1620Chiu M (2011) Optimization design of hybrid mufflers on broadband frequencies using the genetic algorithm. Arch Acoust 36:795–822Christie DRA (1976) Measurement of the acoustic properties of a sound-absorbing material at high temperatures. J Sound Vib 46:347–355De Lima KF, Lenzi A, Barbieri R (2011) The study of reactive silencers by shape and parametric optimization techniques. Appl Acoust 72:142–150Delany ME, Bazley EN (1970) Acoustical properties of fibrous absorbent materials. Appl Acoust 3:105–116Denia FD, Sánchez-Orgaz EM, Baeza L, Kirby R (2016) Point collocation scheme in mufflers with temperature gradient and mean flow. J Comput Appl Math 291:127–141Denia FD, Sánchez-Orgaz EM, Martínez-Casas J, Kirby R (2015) Finite element based acoustic analysis of dissipative mufflers with high temperature and thermal-induced heterogeneity. Finite Elem Anal Des 101:46–57Denia FD, Selamet A, Fuenmayor FJ, Kirby R (2007) Acoustic attenuation performance of perforated dissipative mufflers with empty inlet/outlet extensions. J Sound Vib 302:1000–1017Denia FD, Selamet A, Martínez MJ, Torregrosa AJ (2006) Hybrid mufflers with short lateral chambers: analytical, numerical and experimental studies. In: 13th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV 13) ViennaFok VA (1963) in Russian. Alternatively, see S.N. Rschevkin, A course of lectures on the theory of sound, Pergamon, LondonIngard KU (1953) On the design of acoustic resonators. J Acoust Soc Am 25:1037–1061Jensen JS (2012) Topology optimization. In: Romeo F, Ruzzene M (eds) Wave Propagation in Linear and Nonlinear Periodic Media. CISM Courses and Lectures, vol 540. Springer, ViennaKirby R, Cummings A (1999) Prediction of the bulk acoustic properties of fibrous materials at low frequencies. Appl Acoust 56:101–125Kirby R, Denia FD (2007) Analytic mode matching for a circular dissipative muffler containing mean flow and a perforated pipe. J Acoust Soc Am 122:3471–3482Kirby R, Williams PT, Hill J (2013) The effect of temperature on the acoustic performance of splitter silencers. In: 42nd International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering – INTERNOISE, 7, pp 5826–5833Lee JS, Göransson P, Kim YY (2015) Topology optimization for three-phase materials distribution in a dissipative expansion chamber by unified multiphase modeling approach. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 287:191–211Lee JW (2015) Optimal topology of reactive muffler achieving target transmission loss values: Design and experiment. Appl Acoust 88:104–113Lee JW, Kim YY (2009) Topology optimization of muffler internal partitions for improving acoustical attenuation performance. Int J Numer Methods Eng 80:455–477Lee SH, Ih JG (2003) Empirical model of the acoustic impedance of a circular orifice in grazing mean flow. J Acoust Soc Am 114:98–113Munjal ML (2014) Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd EdnPeat KS, Rathi KL (1995) A finite element analysis of the convected acoustic wave motion in dissipative mufflers. J Sound Vib 184:529–545Pierce AD (1990) Wave equation for sound in fluids with unsteady inhomogeneous flow. J Acoust Soc Am 87:2292–2299Rao SS (2011) The Finite Element Method in Engineering, Butterworth-Heinemann. 5th EditionSánchez-Orgaz EM (2016) Advanced numerical techniques for the acoustic modelling of materials and noise control devices in the exhaust system of internal combustion engines, Ph. D, Thesis, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaSelamet A, Lee IJ, Huff NT (2003) Acoustic attenuation of hybrid mufflers. J Sound Vib 262:509–527Selamet A, Xu MB, Lee IJ, Huff NT (2005) Dissipative expansion chambers with two concentric layers of fibrous material. International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration 1:341– 357Selamet A, Xu MB, Lee IJ, Huff NT (2006) Effect of voids on the acoustics of perforated dissipative mufflers. International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration 2:357–372Sigmund O (2007) Morphology-based black and white filters for topology optimization. Struct Multidiscip Optim 33:401–424Sigmund O, Maute K (2013) Topology optimization approaches. Struct Multidiscip Optim 48:1031–1055Stolpe M, Svanberg K (2001) An alternative interpolation scheme for minimum compliance optimization. Struct Multidiscip Optim 22:116–124Svanberg K (1987) The method of moving asymptotes - a new method for structural optimization. Int J Numer Methods Eng 24:359– 373Williams PT, Kirby R, Malecki C, Hill J (2014) Measurement of the bulk acoustic properties of fibrous materials at high temperatures. Appl Acoust 77:29–36Yedeg EL, Wadbro E, Berggren M (2016) Interior layout topology optimization of a reactive muffler. Struct Multidiscip Optim 53:645–656Yoon GH (2013) Acoustic topology optimization of fibrous material with Delany–Bazley empirical material formulation. J Sound Vib 332:1172–1187Zienkiewicz OC, Taylor RL, Zhu JZ (2005) The Finite Element Method: its Basis and Fundamentals. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, BurlingtonZoutendijk G (1960) Methods of Feasible Directions. Elsevier, Amsterda

Limitations of the IAU2000 nutation model accuracy due to the lack of Oppolzer terms of planetary origin

[EN] Context. The current IAU2000 nutation model performed different approximations, one of them being that the Oppolzer terms associated to the planetary perturbations of the nutations were assumed to be smaller than 5 μas and thus were neglected. At present, the uncertainties of the amplitudes of individual components of the observed nutations are better, and the conventional nutation model does not fit the accuracy requirements pursued by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). Aims. The objective of this work is to estimate the magnitude of the lacking Oppolzer terms of the planetary nutations and find out whether they are still negligible or not. Methods. The Oppolzer terms resulting from the direct and indirect planetary perturbations of the Earth’s rotation have been computed for a two-layer Earth model following the Hamiltonian theory of the non-rigid-Earth. Results. The planetary Oppolzer terms for the non-rigid Earth are not really negligible as believed, and some of them have amplitudes larger than 10 μas, therefore significantly above the current level of uncertainty of individual harmonic constituents. Conclusions. In the short term, the IAU2000 nutation model must be supplemented with suitable corrections accounting for those missing components; its planetary component must be thoroughly revised in the medium term.SIThis work was partly supported by grant AYA2016-79775-P (AEI/FEDER, UE)

Panels of eco-friendly materials for architectural acoustics

[EN] The objective of this work is to study the acoustic and mechanical properties of environmentally friendly materials manufactured through the process of resin infusion made from different types of fibres: some are biodegradable obtained from renewable resources and others from recycled textile waste. The materials studied are composed of fibres of jute, hemp, coconut, biaxial linen and textile waste. The modulus of elasticity and the airborne sound insulation are determined through dynamic and acoustic tests, respectively. The behaviour of these innovative materials is compared to some traditional materials commonly used in architectural acoustics. The acoustic study of these environmentally friendly materials is carried out considering them as light elements of a single layer for their application to insulation of walls. The results are compared to plasterboards, considered as the most commonly used light material in buildings for airborne sound insulation. In conclusion, these materials are a real and effective alternative to the traditional composites of synthetic matrices and reinforcements of glass fibres and there is a reduction in the production cost compared to the usual porous synthetic media that have expensive production processes.Fontoba-Ferrándiz, J.; Juliá Sanchis, E.; Crespo, J.; Segura Alcaraz, JG.; Gadea Borrell, JM.; Parres, F. (2020). Panels of eco-friendly materials for architectural acoustics. Journal of Composite Materials. 54(25):3743-3753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320918914S374337535425Yahya, M. N., Sambu, M., Latif, H. A., & Junaid, T. M. (2017). A study of Acoustics Performance on Natural Fibre Composite. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 226, 012013. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/226/1/012013Putra, A., Or, K. H., Selamat, M. Z., Nor, M. J. M., Hassan, M. H., & Prasetiyo, I. (2018). Sound absorption of extracted pineapple-leaf fibres. Applied Acoustics, 136, 9-15. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.01.029Dunne, R., Desai, D., & Sadiku, R. (2017). Material characterization of blended sisal-kenaf composites with an ABS matrix. Applied Acoustics, 125, 184-193. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.03.022Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M., & Hinrichsen, G. (2000). Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 276-277(1), 1-24. doi:10.1002/(sici)1439-2054(20000301)276:13.0.co;2-wLuckachan, G. E., & Pillai, C. K. S. (2011). Biodegradable Polymers- A Review on Recent Trends and Emerging Perspectives. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 19(3), 637-676. doi:10.1007/s10924-011-0317-1Belakroum, R., Gherfi, A., Kadja, M., Maalouf, C., Lachi, M., El Wakil, N., & Mai, T. H. (2018). Design and properties of a new sustainable construction material based on date palm fibers and lime. Construction and Building Materials, 184, 330-343. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.196Sèbe, G. (2000). Applied Composite Materials, 7(5/6), 341-349. doi:10.1023/a:1026538107200Yates, M. R., & Barlow, C. Y. (2013). Life cycle assessments of biodegradable, commercial biopolymers—A critical review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 78, 54-66. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.06.010Rouison, D., Sain, M., & Couturier, M. (2006). Resin transfer molding of hemp fiber composites: optimization of the process and mechanical properties of the materials. Composites Science and Technology, 66(7-8), 895-906. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.07.040Sreekumar, P. A., Joseph, K., Unnikrishnan, G., & Thomas, S. (2007). A comparative study on mechanical properties of sisal-leaf fibre-reinforced polyester composites prepared by resin transfer and compression moulding techniques. Composites Science and Technology, 67(3-4), 453-461. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.08.025Rassmann, S., Reid, R. G., & Paskaramoorthy, R. (2010). Effects of processing conditions on the mechanical and water absorption properties of resin transfer moulded kenaf fibre reinforced polyester composite laminates. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41(11), 1612-1619. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.07.009Vijay, R., & Singaravelu, D. L. (2016). Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties ofCyperus pangoreifibers and jute fiber-based natural fiber composites. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, 21(7), 617-627. doi:10.1080/1023666x.2016.1192354Williams, G. I. (2000). Applied Composite Materials, 7(5/6), 421-432. doi:10.1023/a:1026583404899O’Donnell, A., Dweib, M. ., & Wool, R. . (2004). Natural fiber composites with plant oil-based resin. Composites Science and Technology, 64(9), 1135-1145. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2003.09.024Tran, P., Graiver, D., & Narayan, R. (2006). Biocomposites synthesized from chemically modified soy oil and biofibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102(1), 69-75. doi:10.1002/app.22265Liu, Q., & Hughes, M. (2008). The fracture behaviour and toughness of woven flax fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 39(10), 1644-1652. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.07.008Scarponi, C., Pizzinelli, C. S., Sánchez-Sáez, S., & Barbero, E. (2009). Impact Load Behaviour of Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) Hemp Fibre Composite Laminates. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 3(3), 298-310. doi:10.1166/jbmb.2009.1040Dahy, H. (2017). Biocomposite materials based on annual natural fibres and biopolymers – Design, fabrication and customized applications in architecture. Construction and Building Materials, 147, 212-220. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.079Saba, N., Paridah, M. T., & Jawaid, M. (2015). Mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composite: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 76, 87-96. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.043Senthilkumar, K., Saba, N., Rajini, N., Chandrasekar, M., Jawaid, M., Siengchin, S., & Alotman, O. Y. (2018). Mechanical properties evaluation of sisal fibre reinforced polymer composites: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 174, 713-729. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.143Alves, C., Ferrão, P. M. C., Silva, A. J., Reis, L. G., Freitas, M., Rodrigues, L. B., & Alves, D. E. (2010). Ecodesign of automotive components making use of natural jute fiber composites. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(4), 313-327. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.10.022Van Vuure, A. W., Baets, J., Wouters, K., & Hendrickx, K. (2015). Compressive properties of natural fibre composites. Materials Letters, 149, 138-140. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2015.01.158Galan-Marin, C., Rivera-Gomez, C., & Garcia-Martinez, A. (2016). Use of Natural-Fiber Bio-Composites in Construction versus Traditional Solutions: Operational and Embodied Energy Assessment. Materials, 9(6), 465. doi:10.3390/ma9060465Bogoeva-Gaceva, G., Avella, M., Malinconico, M., Buzarovska, A., Grozdanov, A., Gentile, G., & Errico, M. E. (2007). Natural fiber eco-composites. Polymer Composites, 28(1), 98-107. doi:10.1002/pc.20270Peng, L., Song, B., Wang, J., & Wang, D. (2015). Mechanic and Acoustic Properties of the Sound-Absorbing Material Made from Natural Fiber and Polyester. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015, 1-5. doi:10.1155/2015/274913Benfratello, S., Capitano, C., Peri, G., Rizzo, G., Scaccianoce, G., & Sorrentino, G. (2013). Thermal and structural properties of a hemp–lime biocomposite. Construction and Building Materials, 48, 745-754. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.096Adekomaya, O., Jamiru, T., Sadiku, R., & Huan, Z. (2015). 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Detección de interacciones y duplicidades en 2 farmacias comunitarias de Alicante mediante revisiones de la medicación a mayores crónicos

Introducción: El envejecimiento es un proceso en el que se producen importantes cambios fisiológicos y aumenta la incidencia de múltiples patologías. Estos cambios pueden producir alteraciones farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas, con importantes implicaciones en los regímenes de dosificación de fármacos. Objetivos: Analizar la farmacoterapia del paciente anciano desde la farmacia comunitaria para conocer y clasificar los medicamentos prescritos, analizar las interacciones y buscar duplicidades. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y observacional, en el que se incluyeron pacientes de atención primaria mayores de 65 años con, al menos, un tratamiento crónico. Se clasificaron los fármacos, se analizaron las interacciones y se buscaron duplicidades con Bot Plus. Resultados: El grupo terapéutico más prescrito fue el C (aparato cardiovascular). El subgrupo terapéutico de mayor consumo fue el de los IBP (inhibidores de la bomba de protones). El principio activo más prescrito fue omeprazol. Se detectaron 299 interacciones y 17 duplicidades con Bot Plus. Conclusiones: El 66,8% de los pacientes mayores de 65 años eran polimedicados, con una media de 7 medicamentos/paciente. El grupo terapéutico más prescrito fue el de los fármacos para el aparato cardiovascular, y los subgrupos terapéuticos más prescritos fueron los IBP y las estatinas; omeprazol fue el principio activo más prescrito. Se han detectado 299 interacciones, de las cuales las clasificadas como «espaciar administración» pueden ser evitadas con una adecuada dispensación del farmacéutico. Por último, un 8% de los pacientes presentaba duplicidades