Biotechnology Application in the Manufacture of Nata De Coco as Learning of Life Skills Student of Semester V Biology Education Department Pasir Pengaraian University

Biotechnology applications as learning life skills can be applied in practice making nata de coco. This study aims to determine mastery of Nata de Coco manufacture as learning life skills in students, especially mastery Academic life skills and Social Life skils in biotechnology practical activities. In addition to the practicum students are able to create fermentation-based food products are good quality coconut water from the material. The results obtained in this study shows that the majority of students have mastery Academic life skills are good views of the percentage performance indicators Academic life skills. As for the Social Life skils student mastery has excellent views of the overall performance indicators with a percentage of more than 80%. With these results it is concluded that students can foster interest in and to improve skills in making and creating a fermentation-based food products are good quality coconut water from the material

Neutron Flux at the Gran Sasso Underground LaboratoryRevisited

The neutron flux induced by radioactivity at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory is revisited. We have performed calculations and Monte Carlo simulations; the results offer an independent check to the available experimental data reported by different authors, which vary rather widely. This study gives detailed information on the expected spectrum and on the variability of the neutron flux due to possible variations of the water content of the environment.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, systematic uncertainties adde

Molecular identification of the tropical seagrass Halophila stipulacea from Turkey

Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål) Ascherson, a tropical seagrass, is thought to be a Lessepsian immigrant that entered the Mediterranean Sea from the Red Sea after the opening of the Suez Canal (1869). Up to date, no genetic studies of H. stipulacea from Turkey are available. In order to verify the molecular identity of Turkish isolates of H. stipulacea, a part of the rDNA ITS region was sequenced. Comparisons of the genetic polymorphism of this region between isolates from the Turkish coasts of the Aegean Sea and individuals from putative native (Red Sea) and introduced (Mediterranean) populations deposited previously in GenBank were performed. No intra-individual variability was found in the region considered among the isolates from Turkey

Phylogenetic analysis of rhodolith formation in the Corallinales (Rhodophyta)

Although the ecological importance of rhodolith (maerl, free-living coralline algae) beds is well-known, rhodolith-forming species have been neglected in molecular phylogenetic studies. This is the first molecular systematic study aimed at understanding whether the rhodolith habit is a fixed feature in lineages and determining the relationship (phylogenetic vs. environmental) between rhodolith and crustose habits. Phylogenetic relationships of rhodolith-forming species and encrusting coralline algae at generic and species levels were analysed using SSU rDNA and psbA sequences. Extensive sampling in the European North Atlantic, Pacific and Caribbean Mexico of Phymatolithon, Lithothamnion, Lithophyllum and Neogoniolithon taxa forming rhodoliths and crusts was accompanied by examination of type or topotype material. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that Neogoniolithon contained a monophyletic group of rhodolith-forming species whereas other rhodolith-formers were closely related to encrusting forms in the genera Phymatolithon, Lithothamnion, Mesophyllum, Hydrolithon, Spongites and Sporolithon. DNA analysis showed that the crust-forming Lithophyllum cf. incrustans/dentatum also forms rhodoliths with a stone nucleus that occur on rocky shores. In contrast, species that form beds of non-nucleate rhodoliths (e.g. Neogoniolithon spectabile, N. strictum, Lithophyllum cf. incrustans/dentatum or sp. 1 and Phymatolithon calcareum) rarely form crusts. The rhodolith habit cannot be used to delimit species for taxonomic or identification purposes. Extensive taxonomic revision will be required to deal with problems such as the position of specimens identified as Lithophyllum margaritae in two unrelated lineages

ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ ШТАММОВ MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM subsp. HOMINISSUIS, ВЫДЕЛЕННЫХ В ИТАЛИИ, НА ОСНОВЕ АНАЛИЗА ЛОКУСОВ VNTR

Abstract. Background. Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is an important pathogen responsible for most of the human-associated nontuberculous mycobacteria infections. Over the past few decades the incidence of MAH infections is increasing in Italy, as in many countries worldwide. The present study is aimed to elucidate the genetic characteristics of MAH strains isolated from human patients using VNTR typing and to show the genetic relatedness among them. Methods. The genetic diversity of 108 human isolates of MAH was determined by VNTR analysis targeting 8 loci, coded 32, 292, X3, 25, 3, 7, 10 and 47. Results. The VNTR analysis revealed 25 distinct VNTR patterns; of these, 13 patterns were unique, while 12 patterns were shared by 2 or more isolates, thus yielding 12 clusters including a total of 95 isolates. The discriminatory power of our VNTR analysis yielded an HGDI of 0.990, indicating that VNTR typing has an excellent discriminatory power. No association of a particular VNTR pattern with a particular clinical feature, such as the disseminated, pulmonary or extrapulmonary type of infection, was observed. Minimum spanning tree analysis showed that 21 VNTR patterns, occurring either as clustered or unique isolates, differed from the nearest one for one allelic variation. Conclusions. The results obtained through the VNTR analysis showed that most MAH strains displayed a close genetic relationship. This high phylogenetic proximity of the VNTR loci over a long time period supports the concept that the MAH genotype is highly homogeneous in our geographical area, suggesting the hypothesis of the presence of possible sources of infection and transmission pathways at the local level

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the esophagus and stomach.

Esophageal neuroendocrine neoplasms (E-NENs) are much rarer than other gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, the majority showing aggressive behavior with early dissemination and poor prognosis. Among E-NENs, exceptionally rare well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (E-NET) and more frequent esophageal poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (E-NEC) and mixed neuroendocrine-non neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNEN) can be recognized. E-NECs usually exhibit a small cell morphology or mixed small and large cells. Esophageal MiNEN are composed of NEC component admixed with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Gastric (G) NENs encompass a wide spectrum of entities ranging from indolent G-NETs to highly aggressive G-NECs and MiNENs. Among G-NETs, ECL-cell NETs are the most common and, although composed of histamine-producing cells, are a heterogeneous group of neoplastic proliferations showing different clinical and prognostic features depending on the patient's clinico-pathological background including the morphology of the peri-tumoral mucosa, gastrin serum levels, presence or absence of antral G-cell hyperplasia, and presence or absence of MEN1 syndrome. In general, NET associated with hypergastrinemia show a better outcome than NET not associated with hypergastrinemia. G-NECs and MiNENs are aggressive neoplasms more frequently observed in males and associated with a dismal prognosis