Cervalces carnutorum (Laugel 1862)

Presentazione della specie Cervalces carnutorum, sua distrubuzione geografica e temporale, e descrizione dei resti di Sainzelles (France)

New data on the Early Villafranchian fauna from Vialette (Haute-Loire, France) based on the collection of the Crozatier Museum (Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, France)

Vialette (3.14 Ma), like Senèze, Chilhac, Sainzelles, Ceyssaguet or Soleilhac, is one of the historical sites located in Haute-Loire (France). The lacustrine sediments of Vialette are the result of a dammed lake formed by a basalt flow above Oligocene layers, and show a geological setting typical for this area, where many localities are connected with maar structures that have allowed intra-crateric lacustrine deposits to accumulate. Based on previous studies and this work, a faunal list of 17 species of large mammals has been established. Eight species, typical of this time period and well known, occur in the collection of the Crozatier Museum of Le Puy-en-Velay: Pliocrocuta perrieri, Lynx issiodorensis, Mammut borsoni, Anancus arvernensis, Stephanorhinus jeanvireti, Tapirus arvernensis, ‘Cervus’ pardinensis and Croizetoceros ramosus. The presence of Gazella cf. G. borbonica is newly established, in addition to which the oldest known occurrences of Canis sp., cf. Eucladoceros sp. and of the genus Equus in Western Europe are also described. These are the new data which pushed back the age of the arrival of the genus Equus, cf. Eucladoceros and Canis in Western Europe. Five taxa are not found in the Crozatier collection: Primates indet., Agriotherium sp., Ursus gr. minimus-thibetanus, Bovidae middle-sized (?Pliotragus ardei or ?Gallogoral meneghinii), ?Procapreolus cf. cusanus

Reversibly switchable fluorescent Proteins for RESOLFT nanoscopy

Diffraction-limited lens-based optical microscopy fails to discern fluorescent features closer than ∼200 nm. All super-resolution microscopy (nanoscopy) approaches that fundamentally overcome the diffraction barrier rely on fluorophores that can adopt different states, typically a fluorescent ‘on-’state and a dark, non-fluorescent ‘off-’state. In reversible saturable optical linear fluorescence transitions (RESOLFT) nanoscopy, light is applied to induce transitions between two states and to switch fluorophores on and off at defined spatial coordinates. RESOLFT nanoscopy relies on metastable reversibly switchable fluorophores. Thereby, it is particularly suited for live-cell imaging, because it requires relatively low light levels to overcome the diffraction barrier. Most implementations of RESOLFT nanoscopy utilize reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs), which are derivatives of proteins from the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family. In recent years, analysis of the molecular mechanisms of the switching processes have paved the way to a rational design of new RSFPs with superior characteristics for super-resolution microscopy. In this chapter, we focus on the newly developed RSFPs, the light-driven switching mechanisms and the use of RSFPs for RESOLFT nanoscopy