The Rise of the Managerial State in Indonesia: Institutional Transition during the Early Independence Period. 1950-1965

The dissertation analyzes the production of a new elite group in Indonesia, the managers, during the early independence period. Indonesia faced lack of expertise and a government incapable of managing a national plan. The expansion of the managerial class was the result of the lack of leadership of the political elite, the expansion of tertiary education, the rise of an American-led, international aid structure that provided both expert advisors and scholarship for Indonesian students to study in mostly American universities. This resulted in the import of new ideas that corroborated the strengthening of a managerial or developmental state. These ideas include scientific management and the American modernization theory. These ideas looked at the state executive as the major institution for development. It promoted the military elite to become part of a managerial elite. It also was dismissive of liberal ideas regarding the role of the law and the separation of power. Within this managerial ideology, the state was to function as a corporation. The idea of individual initiative was replaced within a planned system. By analyzing these developments, the thesis wants to show that the foundation of the New Order Developmental State should be traced to this period.NWOColonial and Global Histor

PENGARUH NET PROFIT MARGIN (NPM) DAN DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO (DER) TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM (STUDI PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR SUB SEKTOR INDUSTRI DASAR DAN KIMIA PULP DAN KERTAS YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI PERIODE 2013-2016)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh Net Profit Margin (NPM) dan Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) secara bersama berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Return saham perusahaan Pulp dan Kertas di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2013-2016. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) berupa laporan keuangan yang sudah di audited. Penelitian ini menggunakan semua populasi di perusahaan Pulp dan Kertas tahun 2013-2016.Teknik sampel yang digunakanadalah sampling jenuh.Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 9 perusahaan. Dimana analisis data yang digunakan dalam membuktikan hipotesis adalah metode regresi berganda, uji hipotesis ( uji t dan uji f), dan koefisien determinasi (Adjusted RSquare ) dengan tingkat signifikan 5% untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya pengaruh masing-masing variabel bebas terhadap variabel terikat, menggunakan program SPSS 16. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa secara parsial Net Profit Margin (NPM) sebesar 0,087tidak berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap return saham. Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) sebesar 0,788 berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap return saham.Sedangkan secara simultanmenunjukkan bahwa kedua variabel independen Net Profit Margin (NPM) dan Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) secara bersama berpengaruh signifikan terhadap vaiabel dependen return saham dengan F hitung sebesar 3,310 dan F tabel sebesar 3,280 dengan tingkat signifikan 0,049 tersebut kurang dari 0,05. Hasil Nilai Adjusted R Square menunjukkan 117 atau 11,7 % yang artinya bahwa variabel NPM dan DER secara bersama mampu mengukur seberapa jauh kemampuan variabel-variabel tersebut dalam menerangkan variabel dependen yaitu return saham sebesar 11,7%, sedangkan sisanya 88,3% dipengaruhi oleh faktor – faktor lain yang tidak dimasukkan dalam model regresi

Gestational Sac Aspiration of Heterotopic Ectopic Pregnancy in a Cesarean Section Scar

Background: This article describes a case of heterotopic pregnancy that included a normal twin intrauterine pregnancy and one cesarean section (CS) scar pregnancy diagnosed at 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound-guided aspiration of the ectopic gestational sac was performed, and the concurrent twin intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) was preserved successfully. The patient was a 50-year-old woman with secondary infertility. Case: The patient underwent in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer using a donor-egg program to achieve pregnancy with her current partner. At 6-weeks' gestation, she underwent a transvaginal ultrasound scan (US) examination showing a viable twin IUP with a third gestational sac with viable embryo located low within the anterior wall of the uterus. The appearance was consistent with a cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. This was confirmed on a subsequent US 1 week later. She desired to continue the intrauterine pregnancy. US-guided aspiration of the cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy was attempted. The treatment was successful. Results: The twin pregnancy progressed without further complications. Conclusions: Heterotopic CS ectopic pregnancy can be successfully treated with transvaginal US-guided aspiration. (J GYNECOL SURG 29:317)Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140090/1/gyn.2012.0026.pd

Artificial Intelligence: Serving American Security and Chinese Ambitions

In recent years artificial intelligence has entered a new era, which gives rise to many hopes for powerful states such as the United States and China. In this paper, we analyze the importance and role of artificial intelligence in technological development in each of the two countries on the one hand, and its influence on China-American relations in terms of technological and geopolitical conflict

Testing timed systems modeled by stream X-machines

Stream X-machines have been used to specify real systems where complex data structures. They are a variety of extended finite state machine where a shared memory is used to represent communications between the components of systems. In this paper we introduce an extension of the Stream X-machines formalism in order to specify systems that present temporal requirements. We add time in two different ways. First, we consider that (output) actions take time to be performed. Second, our formalism allows to specify timeouts. Timeouts represent the time a system can wait for the environment to react without changing its internal state. Since timeous affect the set of available actions of the system, a relation focusing on the functional behavior of systems, that is, the actions that they can perform, must explicitly take into account the possible timeouts. In this paper we also propose a formal testing methodology allowing to systematically test a system with respect to a specification. Finally, we introduce a test derivation algorithm. Given a specification, the derived test suite is sound and complete, that is, a system under test successfully passes the test suite if and only if this system conforms to the specification

The Costs of Implementing Vaccination With the RTS,S Malaria Vaccine in Five Sub-Saharan African Countries.

Background. The World Health Organization has recommended pilot implementation of a candidate vaccine against malaria (RTS,S/AS01) in selected sub-Saharan African countries. This exploratory study aimed to estimate the costs of implementing RTS,S in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Methods. Key informants of the expanded program on immunization at all levels in each country were interviewed on the resources required for implementing RTS,S for routine vaccination. Unit prices were derived from the same sources or from international price lists. Incremental costs in 2015 US dollars were aggregated per fully vaccinated child (FVC). It was assumed the four vaccine doses were either all delivered at health facilities or the fourth dose was delivered in an outreach setting. Results. The costs per FVC ranged from US$25 (Burkina Faso) to US$37 (Kenya) assuming a vaccine price of US$5 per dose. Across countries, recurrent costs represented the largest share dominated by vaccines (including wastage) and supply costs. Non-recurrent costs varied substantially across countries, mainly because of differences in needs for hiring personnel, in wages, in cold-room space, and equipment. Recent vaccine introductions in the countries may have had an impact on resource availability for a new vaccine implementation. Delivering the fourth dose in outreach settings raised the costs, mostly fuel, per FVC by less than US$1 regardless of the country. Conclusions. This study provides relevant information for donors and decision makers about the cost of implementing RTS,S. Variations within and across countries are important and the unknown future price per dose and wastage rate for this candidate vaccine adds substantially to the uncertainty about the actual costs of implementation

Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab for HER2-amplified metastatic colorectal cancer (MyPathway): an updated report from a multicentre, open-label, phase 2a, multiple basket study.

BACKGROUND: Therapies targeting HER2 have improved clinical outcomes in HER2-positive breast and gastric cancers, and are emerging as potential treatments for HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer. MyPathway evaluates the activity of targeted therapies in non-indicated tumour types with potentially predictive molecular alterations. We aimed to assess the activity of pertuzumab and trastuzumab in patients with HER2-amplified metastatic colorectal cancer. METHODS: MyPathway is an ongoing, phase 2a, multiple basket study. Patients in this subset analysis were aged 18 years or older and had treatment-refractory, histologically confirmed HER2-amplified metastatic colorectal cancer with measurable or evaluable disease and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 2 or less, enrolled from 25 hospitals or clinics in 16 states of the USA. Patients received pertuzumab (840 mg loading dose, then 420 mg every 3 weeks, intravenously) and trastuzumab (8 mg/kg loading dose, then 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks, intravenously). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who achieved an objective response based on investigator-reported tumour responses. Analyses were done per protocol. This ongoing trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02091141. FINDINGS: Between Oct 20, 2014, and June 22, 2017, 57 patients with HER2-amplified metastatic colorectal cancer were enrolled in the MyPathway study and deemed eligible for inclusionin this cohort analysis. Among these 57 evaluable patients, as of Aug 1, 2017, one (2%) patient had a complete response and 17 (30%) had partial responses; thus overall 18 of 57 patients achieved an objective response (32%, 95% CI 20-45). The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were diarrhoea (19 [33%] of 57 patients), fatigue (18 [32%] patients), and nausea (17 [30%] patients). Grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded in 21 (37%) of 57 patients, most commonly hypokalaemia and abdominal pain (each three [5%] patients). Serious treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in ten (18%) patients and two (4%) of these adverse events (ie, chills and infusion-related reaction) were considered treatment related. There were no treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION: Dual HER2-targeted therapy with pertuzumab plus trastuzumab is well tolerated and could represent a therapeutic opportunity for patients with heavily pretreated, HER2-amplified metastatic colorectal cancer. FUNDING: F Hoffmann-La Roche/Genentech

High-throughput Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 and hrp3 gene deletion typing by digital PCR to monitor malaria rapid diagnostic test efficacy

Most rapid diagnostic tests for Plasmodium falciparum malaria target the Histidine-Rich Proteins 2 and 3 (HRP2, HRP3). Deletions of the hrp2 and hrp3 genes result in false negative tests and are a threat for malaria control. A novel assay for molecular surveillance of hrp2/hrp3 deletions was developed based on droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). The assay quantifies hrp2, hrp3, and a control gene with very high accuracy. The theoretical limit of detection was 0.33 parasites/microL. The deletion was reliably detected in mixed infections with wild-type and hrp2-deleted parasites at a density of >100 parasites/reaction. For a side-by-side comparison with the conventional nested PCR (nPCR) assay, 248 samples were screened in triplicate by ddPCR and nPCR. No deletions were observed by ddPCR, while by nPCR hrp2 deletion was observed in 8% of samples. The ddPCR assay was applied to screen 830 samples from Kenya, Zanzibar/Tanzania, Ghana, Ethiopia, Brazil, and Ecuador. Pronounced differences in the prevalence of deletions were observed among sites, with more hrp3 than hrp2 deletions. In conclusion, the novel ddPCR assay minimizes the risk of false-negative results (i.e. hrp2 deletion observed when the sample is wild type), increases sensitivity, and greatly reduces the number of reactions that need to be run