What links BRAF to the heart function? New insights from the cardiotoxicity of BRAF inhibitors in cancer treatment

none11noThe RAS-related signalling cascade has a fundamental role in cell. It activates differentiation and survival. It is particularly important one of its molecules, B-RAF. B-RAF has been a central point for research, especially in melanoma. Indeed, it lacked effective therapeutic weapons since the early years of its study. Molecules targeting B-RAF have been developed. Nowadays, two classes of molecules are approved by FDA. Multi-target molecules, such as Sorafenib and Regorafenib, and selective molecules, such as Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib. Many other molecules are still under investigation. Most of them are studied in phase 1 trials. Clinical studies correlate B-RAF inhibitors and QT prolongation. Though this cardiovascular side effect is not common using these drugs, it must be noticed early and recognize its signals. Indeed, Oncologists and Cardiologists should work in cooperation to prevent lethal events, such as fatal arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death. These events could originate from an uncontrolled QT prolongation.openBronte E.; Bronte G.; Novo G.; Bronte F.; Bavetta M.G.; Re G.L.; Brancatelli G.; Bazan V.; Natoli C.; Novo S.; Russo A.Bronte, E.; Bronte, G.; Novo, G.; Bronte, F.; Bavetta, M. G.; Re, G. L.; Brancatelli, G.; Bazan, V.; Natoli, C.; Novo, S.; Russo, A

The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink

Several studies have suggested that the carbon sink in the Southern Ocean—the ocean’s strongest region for the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 —has weakened in recent decades. We demonstrated, on the basis of multidecadal analyses of surface ocean CO2 observations, that this weakening trend stopped around 2002, and by 2012, the Southern Ocean had regained its expected strength based on the growth of atmospheric CO2. All three Southern Ocean sectors have contributed to this reinvigoration of the carbon sink, yet differences in the processes between sectors exist, related to a tendency toward a zonally more asymmetric atmospheric circulation. The large decadal variations in the Southern Ocean carbon sink suggest a rather dynamic ocean carbon cycle that varies more in time than previously recognized

Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of non-haematological tumours: Update of an expanding scenario

Introduction: The identification of cell membrane-bound molecules with a relevant role in cancer cell survival prompted the development of moAbs to block the related pathways. In the last few years, the number of approved moAbs for cancer treatment has constantly increased. Many of these drugs significantly improved the survival outcomes in patients with solid tumours.Areas covered: In this review, all the FDA-approved moAbs in solid tumours have been described. This is an update of moAbs available for cancer treatment nowadays in comparison with the moAbs approved until few years ago. The moAbs under development are also discussed here.Expert opinion: The research on cancer antigens as therapeutic targets led to an expanding scenario of available treatment options in non-haematological malignancies. In a few years, the number of approved drugs has increased rapidly. Some of these agents are actually on label in combination with standard chemotherapy. Only some of them can be delivered as monotherapy. The research on these new drugs is addressing both the identification of further target molecules in key cancer-related pathways and the improvement of drug effectiveness by changing the affinity and the selectivity of a moAb relative to its target

Anti-endothelin drugs in solid tumors

Importance of the field: The endothelin (ET) axis, which includes the biological functions of ETs and their receptors, has played a physiological role in normal tissue, acting as a modulator of vasomotor tone, tissue differentiation and development, cell proliferation and hormone production. Interestingly, it also functions in the growth and progression of various tumors. Several researchers have identified the blockade of the ET-1 receptor as a promising therapeutic approach. Areas covered in this review: The clinical investigation of an orally bioavailable ET antagonist, atrasentan, in prostate cancer, is encouraging. In this neoplasia, it has shown antitumor activity, bone metastasis control and amelioration of cancer-related pain but improvement in time to progression and overall survival has still not been demonstrated. The clinical trials of other ET antagonists are reported. Literature research was performed by Pubmed and Pharmaprojects. What the reader will gain: A comprehensive view about the use of atrasentan in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is provided together with the scientific rationale based on the function of ET and its receptor in various cancer development mechanisms. Take home message: Atrasentan seems to be active in CRPC, although strong scientific evidence is still to be found. Interesting clinical findings regard zibotentan

Into the Wild of long non-coding RNAs in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) to explore new prognostic/predictive biomarkers

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Quantification of fibrosis by collagen proportionate area predicts hepatic decompensation in hepatitis C cirrhosis

Background It is unclear whether the course of cirrhosis and its prognosis are related to the amount of collagen in the liver. Aim To determine whether fibrosis, assessed by collagen proportionate area (CPA) in patients with compensated cirrhosis, is associated with the presence of oesophageal varices, and predict disease decompensation during the follow-up period. Methods We prospectively evaluated 118 consecutive patients with compensated cirrhosis to correlate fibrosis, assessed by CPA in liver biopsies, with the presence of oesophageal varices (OV) and with the rate of liver decompensation (LD) development during a median follow-up of 72 months. Results At baseline 38 (32.2%) patients had OV and during the follow-up (median 72 months, IQR 47–91), 17 patients (14.4%) developed LD. The mean CPA value was different in patients with and without OV (14.8 5.9% vs. 21.6 9.5%, P < 0.001). The best CPA cut-off for OV by area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) was ≥14% and with multivariate logistic analysis CPA was the only variable associated with OV (OR: 28.32, 95% CI: 6.30–127.28; P < 0.001). By AUROC analysis the best CPA cut-off to predict LD was 18.0%. By Cox regression multivariate analysis CPA ≥18% (HR: 3.99, 95% CI: 1.04–11.45; P = 0.036), albumin (HR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04–0.43; P = 0.001) and presence of OV (HR: 8.15, 95% CI: 2.31– 28.78; P = 0.001) were independently associated with LD. Conclusion Quantification of fibrosis by collagen proportionate area allows identification of patients with compensated HCV cirrhosis with a higher likelihood of clinically relevant portal hypertension and a higher risk of decompensation

Inkjet printed 2D-crystal based strain gauges on paper

We present an investigation of inkjet printed strain gauges based on two-dimensional (2D) materials. The technology leverages water-based and biocompatible inks to fabricate strain measurement devices on flexible substrates such as paper. We demonstrate that the device performance and sensitivity are strongly dependent on the printing parameter (i.e., drop-spacing, number of printing passes, etc.). We show that values of the Gauge Factor up to 125 can be obtained, with large sensitivity (>20) even when small strains (0.3) are applied. Furthermore, we provide preliminary examples of heterostructure-based strain sensors, enabled by the inkjet printing technology