The Composition of Spesies and Changes in Reef Fishes Community at Ecoreef Rehabilitation Site, Manado Tua Island, Bunaken National Park

The study conducted from 2006 to 2012 with an interval of every two years in the ecoreef area of ​​ Manado Tua island found 2,936 individual reef fishes of 181 species that include into 32 families. Species composition value of the 10 dominant species of reef fishes was 55.48% of the total species. The highest number of species was Plotosus lineatus with schooling behavior which only discovered in 2010 at a depth of 3 meters. Ecoreef area of Manado Tua island, when analyzed from the abundance and biomass of reef fishes exhibited a succession of reef fish that have been stable, with peak abundance and higher biomass in 2008 and 2010. Reef fish found in ecoreef seemed to start a new living and become a new habitat for them. These were indicated by the highest biomass during the previous year but the number of individuals and spesies were decline. There was no change in the structure of reef fish communities in the ecoreef area of Manado Tua Island, which characterized by non significant different ecological index between the years. Cluster analyses grouped reef fish species into 2 groups i.e., the group of 2006 and the group of 2008, 2010, and 2012. Early survey in 2006 showed lower abundance of reef fish species for allegedly associated with low ecoreef organisms

Catheter associated urinary tract infection among patients attending some selected hospitals in Kano Metropolis

Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection has become one of the major global health concerns, especially in developing countries including Nigeria. Risk factors for CAUTIs include prolongation of the catheterization and possible contamination of the indwelling catheter by normal microbial flora. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate catheter-associated urinary tract infection among patients attending some selected hospitals in the Kano metropolis. Methodology: This is cross sectional prospective study among 231 consented patients, ages ≥18 years that were catheterize. Urine samples were collected and subjected to standard bacteriological procedure for culture and sensitivity test. Patient data were collected using structured questionnaire. Result: The overall CAUTIs incidence of 163(70.6%) was obtained in this study, Escherichia coli was the highest uropathogene 62(38.0%) obtained followed by 58(35.6%) with Staphylococcus aureus. Majority of the participants are male 89(54.6%) and participants within the age group of 68 – 77 years had the highest incidence 37(22.7%) and least incidence was obtained among ages group ≥88 years 3(1.8%). Nitrofurantoin and Amoxicillin were found to be the most active antibiotics. Prolonging stay of the catheter showed the great impart in the occurrence of CAUTIs. Conclusion: An incidence rate of 70.6% was obtained in this study. The present study revealed the presence of bacteria associated with urinary catheters in individuals with UTIs. High incidence was observed in male participant than female counterpart. Keywords: Catheter; CAUTIs; E. coli; Urinary tract infection

Pemberdayaan Perempuan Perdesaan dalam Pembangunan (Studi Kasus Perempuan di Desa Samboja Kuala, Kecamatan Samboja, Kabupaten Kutai Kertanegara)

Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah belum diikutsertakannya perempuan perdesaan di dalam berbagai aspek pembangunan, sehingga mereka perlu diberdayakan agar dapat berfungsi sebagai subyek maupun obyek di dalam pembangunan, baik sebagai perencana, pengambil keputusan, pelaksana, maupun masyarakat dan menikmati hasil pembangunan secara merata. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendiskripsikan, menganalisis dan menginterpretasikan aspek-aspek yang berhubungan dengan: (1) Latar belakang kehidupan sosial perempuan di desa Samboja Kuala, (2) Upaya yang dilakukan perempuan di desa Samboja Kuala dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya, (3) Upaya yang dilakukan untuk memberdayakan perempuan di Desa Samboja Kuala. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan bentuk studi kasus, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara mendalam, dokumentasi dan observasi, yaitu model interaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa latar belakang perempuan di Desa Samboja Kuala Kecamatan Samboja Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara sebagian besar memiliki pendidikan yang rendah, pernikahan diusia muda menyababkan mereka tidak mampu bertahan dan akhirnya bercerai, sehingga secara sosial dan ekonomi tidak dapat berdaya. Upaya yang dilakukan oleh perempuan di Desa Samboja Kuala dalam memenuhi kebutuhan rumah tangganya adalah mereka berupaya menjadi tenaga buruh seperti pembuat ikan kering, penimbang ikan di TPI, pembuat keranjang tempat ikan dan membuka toko dengan skala kecil. Upaya yang dilakukan dalam rangka memberdayakan perempuan di Desa Samboja Kuala adalah dengan diberikannya keterampilan dan pelatihan, adanya bantuan modal bergulir serta bantuan dalam bentuk peralatan. Secara umum perempuan Desa Samboja Kuala masih perlu diberdayakan mengingat pendidikan mereka yang masih rendah, banyak dari mereka menyandang status janda sehingga mereka hanya mengandalkan tenaga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan rumah tangganya tanpa memiliki keahlian maupun ketrampilan. Sehingga mereka secara umum dapat ikut serta didalam pembangunan baik sebagai subyek dan obyek. Kata Kunci: pemberdayaan, perempuan, pembangunan ABSTRACT The background of this research is that the rural women are not being included on the all aspect of development; therefore they should be empowered to become the subject or object function on the development. They can be empowered on planning, decision making, managing or customer to get the benefit of development The objective of this research is to get a description, analysis and interpretation of all aspect related with: (1) Background of women social life in Samboja Kuala village, (2) Effort from the women of Samboja Kuala village to fulfill their need, (3) Effort to be done to empowering the women of Samboja Kuala village. This research use qualitative methods with case study, data collection has been done with interview technique, documentation and interactive observation. The result of this research show that almost all background of women on Samboja Kuala village Kecamatan Samboja Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara having low level education, early marriage cause them which cant pretend their marriage and force them to divorce, which also cause their social and economy cant be held. The women of Samboja Kuala village have been work as dry fish maker, fish weightier on fish auction place or open little shop as their effort to fulfill their household need. The for which has been done to empowering the women of Samboja Kuala village is present and practice them with skill, give them with capital aid and equipment aid. In general, the women of Samboja Kuala village should be more empowered in remembrance of their low level education, most of them have widow status which only realy on their physical to fulfil their household income without skill and specialization. Therefore they can participate on the development as a subject and object. Keywords: empowerment, woman, developmen

Knowledge and Perceptions of Maternal Health in Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria

This cross-sectional descriptive study explored knowledge and perceptions of maternal health and awareness of health services among women and men of reproductive age in rural communities in Zaria, Kaduna state Nigeria. Among the sample of 647 respondents, 72.6% of men and only 35.9% of women had received formal education. Knowledge of maternal health was very low. In a three point scale (poor, fair, good), only 3.1% of men and 1.2% of women had good knowledge of maternal health. The association between the respondents‟ educational level and their maternal health knowledge was statistically significant. Socio-economic barriers were identified as limiting this population‟s optimal utilization of maternal health services. Furthermore, some respondents‟ perceived available health care services to be of low quality. In order to improve reproductive health in rural northern Nigeria, it is imperative to improve access to formal education, increase knowledge about maternal health care, and improve the quality of care offered in health care facilities (Afr. J. Reprod. Health 2010; 14[3]: 71-76).Key words: Maternal health, reproductive health, knowledge, perception, health care utilization, rural, northern Nigeria

Preliminary Study on the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Naphthol Green B by Dichromate Ion in Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Medium

- The kinetics of the oxidation of naphthol green B (NGB3-) by Cr2O7 2- has been studied in aqueous hydrochloric acid medium at an ionic strength, I = 0.50 mol dm-3 (NaCl), H+ =1.0 10-4 mol dm-3 (HCl) and T = 25 1C. The redox reaction displayed a stoichiometry of 1:1 and obeys the rate law: -dNGB3-/dt = k2NGB3-]Cr2O7 2- . The second order rate constant increases with increase in acid concentration and in the ionic strength of reaction medium. The rates of reaction displayed a positive salt effect. Addition of acrylonitrile to a partially reacted mixture in the presence of excess methanol did not lead to gel formation. Added cations and anions inhibited the naphthol green B - Cr2O7 2- reaction. Results of the Michaelis – Menten plot gave no evidence of intermediate complex formation during the course of the reaction. Based on the results obtained, the reaction is believed to proceed through the outersphere mechanistic pathway

Analisis Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kayu Putih (Melaleuca Cajuputi Sub SP. Cajuputi) pada Kawasan Hutan Lindung Dusun Malimbu dan Dusun Badung Resort Malimbu Kphl Rinjani Barat

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor karakteristik lahan yang mempengaruhi perbedaan pertumbuhan Kayu Putih di Malimbu dan Badung dan menentukan Kelas kesesuaian lahan Kayu Putih di Malimbu dan Badung. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kawasan hutan lindung Dusun Malimbu dan Badung Resort Malimbu KPHL Rinjani Barat. Parameter yang diukur adalah pertumbuhan Kayu Putih meliputi diameter, tinggi dan volume, serta faktor lingkungan meliputi ketinggian tempat, suhu udara, dan sifat fisika tanah (tekstur tanah, kadar air tanah, kedalaman efektif, bulk density, porositas tanah dan suhu tanah). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ׃ 1). Rata-rata diameter, tinggi, volume dan jumlah tanaman Kayu Putih umur 22 bulan di Badung sebesar 3,33 cm, 3,29 m, 2355,83 cm3 dan 32 tanaman/plot, sedangkan di Malimbu sebesar 1,43 cm, 1,87 m, 241,85 cm3 dan 22 tanaman/plot; 2). Faktor yang berpengaruh nyata pada taraf toleransi 95% (α = 0,05) terhadap diameter Kayu Putih adalah fraksi pasir, suhu tanah, kedalaman efektif dan ketinggian tempat, sedangkan terhadap tinggi Kayu Putih adalah fraksi pasir, bulk density dan kedalaman efektif; 3). Kesesuaian lahan aktual Kayu Putih di Malimbu tergolong Kelas N1r dengan faktor pembatas media perakaran (drainase tanah), sedangkan di Badung tergolong Kelas S3w dan S3wr dengan faktor pembatas ketersediaan air (bulan kering) dan media perakaran (drainase tanah)

Mangrove species' association and distribution patterns in Tumpat, Kelantan Delta, east coast of peninsular Malaysia

We studied mangrove vegetation at Tumpat to estimate different tree structural parameters (e.g., stem density and basal area) at selected sites (PCQ-Method). There were 5 dominant taxa in the vegetation, i.e., Sonneratia caseolaris, Nypa fruticans, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in order of importance. Total tree density varied between 79 and 132 stems 0.1ha-1, and basal area from 0.14 to 4.9m2 0.1ha-1. Based on species composition and stem density, the mangrove sites could be separated into two groups (Bray-Curtis similarity: 60%). While Group-1 (sites G9, J5, K4, N6 and O4), dominated by S. caseolaris and N. fruticans, was distributed throughout the forest, Group-2 (sites C6 and G6), represented largely by A. alba, is present close to the bay-mangrove boundary. Elevation measurements indicate that Group-1 species occupied lowlying to elevated grounds (0.87-2.23m above the mean sea level) with a (mean) salinity between 0.38 and 14.6psu, whereas Group-2 occurred preferentially at low to medium elevations (0.86-1.29m) and high salinity (14.6psu). Discrete mangrove associations (=groupings) were discerned, wherein the distribution of species is governed by factors such as proximity of land or sea, freshwater input and elevation

A concentric design of a bypass magnetorheological fluid damper with serpentine flux valve

This work presents a new concentric design structure of a bypass magnetorheological (MR) damper with a serpentine flux valve type. In this design, the serpentine valve is installed not in the middle of the piston but on the bypass channel of the damper. However, to make it less bulky, the location of the valve installation is chosen to be in line with the cylinder axis, which is different from the common configuration of the bypass damper. With the proposed design concept, the performance flexibility of the bypass configuration and the compactness of the piston valve configuration can be accomplished. In this study, these benefits were demonstrated by firstly deriving an analytical model of the proposed MR damper focusing on the bypass concentric valve structure, which is vital in determining the damping force characteristics. The prototype of MR damper was also fabricated and characterized using the dynamic test machine. The simulation results show that the damping force could be adjusted from 20 N in the off-state to around 600 N in the on-state with 0.3 A of excitation current. In the experiments, during low piston velocity measurement, the on-state results from the simulation were generally in good agreement with the experimental results. However, with the increase in piston velocity, the deviation between the simulation and the experiment gets higher. The deviations are most probably due to seal frictions that were not accounted for in the model. The seal friction is probably dominant as the seals in the prototype need to be prepared for handling higher fluid pressure. As a result, the frictions are quite prevalent and significantly affect the measured off-state damping forces as well, where it was recorded ten times higher than the predicted values from the model. Nevertheless, although there were deviations, the dynamic range of the concentric bypass structure is still 1.5 times higher than the conventional structure and the new structure can be potentially explored more to achieve an improved MR damper design

Evaluation of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a devastating chronic microvascular complication that represents the major cause of end-stage renal failure leading to the development and progression of diabetic syndrome. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) in type 2 DM with diabetic nephropathy. Methods: Eighty (80) type 2 diabetic patients with DN and apparently healthy controls were respectively recruited. Blood samples were collected and tested for serum NGAL, creatinine, albumin, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. Creatinine and albumin were analyzed using Abbot autoanalyser, HbA1c was analyzed using fine care system and serum NGAL using the ELISA method. Estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) software version 20.0. Student t-test, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s correlation were used for comparisons and correlation of data respectively with level of significance set <0.05. Result: The mean values of the serum NGAL, FPG, HbA1c, BMI and eGFR in both DN group and control group were found to be 3.72±2.62 vs 1.08±0.78μg/ml, 7.06 ±3.46 vs 4.08± 0.39mmo/l, 6.73±1.08 vs 4.71 ±0.39%, 27.33±5.29 vs 25.08±3.65ml/min/1.73m2 and 76.57 ±11.20 vs 118.23 ±12.11ml/min/1.73m2 respectively. The study found a high and significant difference in the mean values of the DN group compared to the control group. A positive and significant relationship was observed between serum NGAL and eGFR and duration of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Serum NGAL could therefore be used as a biomarker to diagnose DN even earlier to incipient nephropathy, NGAL, Diabetes nephropathy, eGFR, Microalbuminuria, Glycated haemoglobin

Lower Limb Amputation at the 34 Military Hospital in Freetown, Sierra Leone: Causes and Indications.

The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing substantially. This overall increment leads to the growth in the number of individuals with diabetic complications including lower limb amputation. In low-income countries like Sierra Leone, lack of access to adequate health care, poverty and social stigma attached to “amputation” all prevent people from seeking early medical treatment for diabetic foot.The purpose of this study was to document the causes and indications of lower limb amputations and to make appropriate recommendations to the health sector of Sierra Leone.This retrospective study was conducted at 34 Military Hospital, one of the major referral hospitals in Freetown, between January 2011 and December 2014. A team of medical staff was trained to extract data. The operating theatre and ward case records were searched for information (age, gender, cause and indication for amputation) of all the patients who underwent amputation during this period. The findings were statistically documented in tables.Twenty-seven patients (24 males and 3 females) were involved in the study. The age distribution was 15-65 years (Mean 43). Majority (77.7%) of the patients presented with gangrenous and infected diabetic feet, 18.5 % was due to Road Traffic Accident and 3.8% due to complication of HIV infection. The commonest level was transtibial amputation 85% and 67% was right sided. Hospital stay was 20-50 days (average 35). There was no postoperative mortality.As most amputations were done for diabetic feet, there is need for diabetes sensitization and prevention campaigns for the general public and improvement of diabetic care for individual patients including proper glycemic control and risk factors prevention. Increased funding is required by the health sector of Sierra Leone to implement these measures. Prevention of road traffic accidents by training/educating the drivers should also be considered by Sierra Leone Road Transport Authority.