La mujer que incomodó. Simone de Beauvoir y El Segundo Sexo

Se trata de analizar la obra El segundo sexo de Simone de Beauvoir a partir del concepto de incomodidad. Conoceremos por medio de su desarrollo hermenéutico cómo la mujer ha sido determinada a ser lo otro del varón y esto la ha condicionado a situaciones que ella no eligió. El método utilizado por la filósofa es el psicoanálisis existencial para saber qué se ha dicho sobre la mujer y cómo se asume después de analizar lo que se ha montado sobre ésta, es decir, ¿qué es ser mujer? Esto nos llevará a conocer cómo una condición histórica se vuelve un destino impuesto, hasta el reconocimiento de una incomodidad que le abre a mirarse de forma distinta y a la autoafirmación como cuerpo diferenciado. El cuerpo y sus sensaciones propias serán el origen de la incomodidad, pero una incomodidad que busca apertura y que cuestiona de igual manera a los varones. Con esto podemos corroborar la importancia e influencia que tuvo y tiene el pensamiento genuino de la filósofa Simone de Beauvoir y facilitar a los que no están familiarizados con el feminismo un trabajo serio y profundo sobre la obra que tendrá una fuerte influencia en el feminismo posterior a El segundo sexo

Congenital vascular malformations update

Presently, there is controversy and misconception in the diagnosis and management of most congenital vascular malformations. The aim of this manuscript is to identify the current knowledge of these poorly understood and relatively uncommon pathologies. We will also review the updated terminology, classiication, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis approach and managemen

Producción de materia seca en tallos y hojas de caña de azúcar, según épocas de plantación y edades de corte.

El objetivo principal del estudio fue evaluar la producción de biomasa seca, en tallos y hojas de caña de azúcar, a través de diferentes edades de corte y ciclos de plantación. En la región Centro-Oriental de Cuba (Estación Experimental de Investigaciones de Caña de Azúcar de Camagüey-INICA) se valoraron durante tres años en los ciclos de primavera y frío en dos ensayos de campo con los cultivares: C1051-73, My5514 y C86-12. La biomasa seca se evaluó en caña planta por un período de 11 meses. Los experimentos se sembraron en un diseño de bloques al azar con tres réplicas. En el análisis de la información se utilizó un ANOVA paramétrico (factorial) y prueba de Tukey. Los resultados en la comparación de medias mostraron que el peso seco de los tallos se incrementó desde 278 (9.3 meses) hasta 465 días (15.5 meses). Los máximos valores se obtuvieron en el ciclo de frío, entre 371(12,4 meses) y 489 días (16,3 meses). En frío los contenidos de materia seca de las hojas fueron significativamente superiores (p≤ 0.01) a los de primavera a edades que van desde los 278 (9.3 meses) y hasta los 403 días (13.4 meses). Los resultados son promisorios y el contenido de materia seca un indicador de utilidad en investigaciones para la mejor comprensión del crecimiento y productividad de la caña de azúcar en las condiciones propias de Cuba.Production of dry weight in stalks and leaves of sugarcane, through different crop ages and two plantation cycles.ABSTRACTThe main objective of this study was to evaluate the production of dry weight (biomass), in stalks and leaves of sugarcane, through different crop ages, and two plantation cycles. Two field trials in spring and winter were conducted during three years in the center-east region of Cuba (Experimental Station of Sugarcane Research, Camagüey - INICA), with the varieties: C1051-73, My5514 and C86-12. Dry biomass was evaluated over period of 11 months in the plant-cane cycle. The experiments were planted in a randomized block design with three replications. Results were analyzed using the parametric ANOVA model (factorial experiment) and the Tukey's test. The results of means comparisons showed that the stalks dry weight increased from 278 (9.3 months) to 465 days (15.5 months). Highest stalks weights in cold season occurred from 371(12.4 months) to 489 days (16.3 months). The contents of the leaves dry matter in cold season were significantly higher (p≤0.01) than spring from 278 (9.3 months) to 403 days (13.4 months). These results are promising and dry matter content has potential for being used in researches for a better understanding sugarcane growth and yield under Cuba conditions

Ayotzinapa y la crisis del estado neoliberal mexicano

¿Qué pasó en Ayotzinapa? Es la pregunta que surgió el 26 de septiembre de 2014, que no encuentra una respuesta satisfactoria pese a la intervención de actores de distintas instancias, niveles y nacionalidades, y al esbozo de múltiples hipótesis sobre los enfrentamientos registrados en Iguala, Guerrero, que derivaron en la muerte de varias personas y la desaparición de 43 estudiantes de la Normal Rural “Isidro Burgos”, en una tragedia que evidenció la crisis que atraviesa el estado mexicano y que afecta a todo el país. A partir de lo acontecido en Ayotzinapa y con base en la teoría general de los campos de Pierre Bourdieu y su propuesta de análisis teórico metodológico sobre el estado, en esta obra se realiza un análisis de la práctica sistemática y generalizada de las desapariciones forzadas en México, con el fin de ofrecer otra manera de comprender el entretejido político–económico–social que hace posible este grave fenómeno, que desgarra tanto a familias como a la comunidad. La herida abierta por Ayotzinapa sangra y el objetivo último de este libro es contribuir a evitar que se cierre en tanto no se responda la interrogante de qué pasó ahí y que crímenes de lesa humanidad como este sigan aconteciendo en México.ITESO, A.C

Genotypic tropism testing in proviral DNA to guide maraviroc initiation in aviremic subjects: 48‐week analysis of the PROTEST study

Introduction: In a previous interim 24‐week virological safety analysis of the PROTEST study [1], initiation of Maraviroc (MVC) plus 2 nucleoside reverse‐transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in aviremic subjects based on genotypic tropism testing of proviral HIV‐1 DNA was associated with low rates of virological failure. Here we present the final 48‐week analysis of the study. Methods PROTEST was a phase 4, prospective, single‐arm clinical trial (ID: NCT01378910) carried on in 24 HIV care centres in Spain. Maraviroc‐naïve HIV‐1‐positive adults with HIV‐1 RNA (VL) 10% in a singleton), initiated MVC with 2 NRTIs and were followed for 48 weeks. Virological failure was defined as two consecutive VL>50 c/mL. Recent adherence was calculated as: (# pills taken/# pills prescribed during the previous week)*100. Results Tropism results were available from 141/175 (80.6%) subjects screened: 87/141 (60%) were R5 and 74/87 (85%) were finally included in the study. Their median age was 48 years, 16% were women, 31% were MSM, 36% had CDC category C at study entry, 62% were HCV+ and 10% were HBV+. Median CD4+ counts were 616 cells/mm3 at screening, and median nadir CD4+ counts were 143 cells/mm3. Previous ART included PIs in 46 (62%) subjects, NNRTIs in 27 (36%) and integrase inhibitors (INIs) in 1 (2%). The main reasons for treatment change were dyslipidemia (42%), gastrointestinal symptoms (22%), and liver toxicity (15%). MVC was given alongside TDF/FTC in 40 (54%) subjects, ABC/3TC in 30 (40%), AZT/3TC in 2 (3%) and ABC/TDF in 2 (3%). Sixty‐two (84%) subjects maintained VL<50 c/mL through week 48, whereas 12 (16%) discontinued treatment: two (3%) withdrew informed consent, one (1%) had a R5→X4 shift in HIV tropism between the screening and baseline visits, one (1%) was lost to follow‐up, one (1%) developed an ART‐related adverse event (rash), two (3%) died due to non‐study‐related causes (1 myocardial infarction at week 0 and 1 lung cancer at week 36), and five (7%) developed protocol‐defined virological failure, although two of them regained VL<50 c/mL with the same MVC regimen (Table 1). Conclusions Initiation of MVC plus 2 NRTIs in aviremic subjects based on genotypic tropism testing of proviral HIV‐1 DNA is associated with low rates of virological failure up to one year

Genotypic tropism testing in proviral DNA to guide maraviroc initiation in aviremic subjects: 48-week analysis of the PROTEST study

Introduction: In a previous interim 24-week virological safety analysis of the PROTEST study (1), initiation of Maraviroc (MVC) plus 2 nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in aviremic subjects based on genotypic tropism testing of proviral HIV-1 DNA was associated with low rates of virological failure. Here we present the final 48-week analysis of the study. Methods: PROTEST was a phase 4, prospective, single-arm clinical trial (ID: NCT01378910) carried on in 24 HIV care centres in Spain. Maraviroc-naïve HIV-1-positive adults with HIV-1 RNA (VL) 10% in a singleton), initiated MVC with 2 NRTIs and were followed for 48 weeks. Virological failure was defined as two consecutive VL>50 c/mL. Recent adherence was calculated as: (# pills taken/# pills prescribed during the previous week)*100. Results: Tropism results were available from 141/175 (80.6%) subjects screened: 87/141 (60%) were R5 and 74/87 (85%) were finally included in the study. Their median age was 48 years, 16% were women, 31% were MSM, 36% had CDC category C at study entry, 62% were HCV+ and 10% were HBV+. Median CD4+ counts were 616 cells/mm(3) at screening, and median nadir CD4+ counts were 143 cells/mm(3). Previous ART included PIs in 46 (62%) subjects, NNRTIs in 27 (36%) and integrase inhibitors (INIs) in 1 (2%). The main reasons for treatment change were dyslipidemia (42%), gastrointestinal symptoms (22%), and liver toxicity (15%). MVC was given alongside TDF/FTC in 40 (54%) subjects, ABC/3TC in 30 (40%), AZT/3TC in 2 (3%) and ABC/TDF in 2 (3%). Sixty-two (84%) subjects maintained VL<50 c/mL through week 48, whereas 12 (16%) discontinued treatment: two (3%) withdrew informed consent, one (1%) had a R5→X4 shift in HIV tropism between the screening and baseline visits, one (1%) was lost to follow-up, one (1%) developed an ART-related adverse event (rash), two (3%) died due to non-study-related causes (1 myocardial infarction at week 0 and 1 lung cancer at week 36), and five (7%) developed protocol-defined virological failure, although two of them regained VL<50 c/mL with the same MVC regimen (Table 1). Conclusions: Initiation of MVC plus 2 NRTIs in aviremic subjects based on genotypic tropism testing of proviral HIV-1 DNA is associated with low rates of virological failure up to one year

Genotypic tropism testing in proviral DNA to guide maraviroc initiation in aviremic subjects: 48-week analysis of the PROTEST study

Introduction: In a previous interim 24-week virological safety analysis of the PROTEST study (1), initiation of Maraviroc (MVC) plus 2 nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in aviremic subjects based on genotypic tropism testing of proviral HIV-1 DNA was associated with low rates of virological failure. Here we present the final 48-week analysis of the study. Methods: PROTEST was a phase 4, prospective, single-arm clinical trial (ID: NCT01378910) carried on in 24 HIV care centres in Spain. Maraviroc-naïve HIV-1-positive adults with HIV-1 RNA (VL) 10% in a singleton), initiated MVC with 2 NRTIs and were followed for 48 weeks. Virological failure was defined as two consecutive VL>50 c/mL. Recent adherence was calculated as: (# pills taken/# pills prescribed during the previous week)*100. Results: Tropism results were available from 141/175 (80.6%) subjects screened: 87/141 (60%) were R5 and 74/87 (85%) were finally included in the study. Their median age was 48 years, 16% were women, 31% were MSM, 36% had CDC category C at study entry, 62% were HCV+ and 10% were HBV+. Median CD4+ counts were 616 cells/mm(3) at screening, and median nadir CD4+ counts were 143 cells/mm(3). Previous ART included PIs in 46 (62%) subjects, NNRTIs in 27 (36%) and integrase inhibitors (INIs) in 1 (2%). The main reasons for treatment change were dyslipidemia (42%), gastrointestinal symptoms (22%), and liver toxicity (15%). MVC was given alongside TDF/FTC in 40 (54%) subjects, ABC/3TC in 30 (40%), AZT/3TC in 2 (3%) and ABC/TDF in 2 (3%). Sixty-two (84%) subjects maintained VL<50 c/mL through week 48, whereas 12 (16%) discontinued treatment: two (3%) withdrew informed consent, one (1%) had a R5→X4 shift in HIV tropism between the screening and baseline visits, one (1%) was lost to follow-up, one (1%) developed an ART-related adverse event (rash), two (3%) died due to non-study-related causes (1 myocardial infarction at week 0 and 1 lung cancer at week 36), and five (7%) developed protocol-defined virological failure, although two of them regained VL<50 c/mL with the same MVC regimen (Table 1). Conclusions: Initiation of MVC plus 2 NRTIs in aviremic subjects based on genotypic tropism testing of proviral HIV-1 DNA is associated with low rates of virological failure up to one year

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Genotypic tropism testing in proviral DNA to guide maraviroc initiation in aviremic subjects: 48‐week analysis of the PROTEST study

Introduction: In a previous interim 24‐week virological safety analysis of the PROTEST study [1], initiation of Maraviroc (MVC) plus 2 nucleoside reverse‐transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in aviremic subjects based on genotypic tropism testing of proviral HIV‐1 DNA was associated with low rates of virological failure. Here we present the final 48‐week analysis of the study. Methods PROTEST was a phase 4, prospective, single‐arm clinical trial (ID: NCT01378910) carried on in 24 HIV care centres in Spain. Maraviroc‐naïve HIV‐1‐positive adults with HIV‐1 RNA (VL) 10% in a singleton), initiated MVC with 2 NRTIs and were followed for 48 weeks. Virological failure was defined as two consecutive VL>50 c/mL. Recent adherence was calculated as: (# pills taken/# pills prescribed during the previous week)*100. Results Tropism results were available from 141/175 (80.6%) subjects screened: 87/141 (60%) were R5 and 74/87 (85%) were finally included in the study. Their median age was 48 years, 16% were women, 31% were MSM, 36% had CDC category C at study entry, 62% were HCV+ and 10% were HBV+. Median CD4+ counts were 616 cells/mm3 at screening, and median nadir CD4+ counts were 143 cells/mm3. Previous ART included PIs in 46 (62%) subjects, NNRTIs in 27 (36%) and integrase inhibitors (INIs) in 1 (2%). The main reasons for treatment change were dyslipidemia (42%), gastrointestinal symptoms (22%), and liver toxicity (15%). MVC was given alongside TDF/FTC in 40 (54%) subjects, ABC/3TC in 30 (40%), AZT/3TC in 2 (3%) and ABC/TDF in 2 (3%). Sixty‐two (84%) subjects maintained VL<50 c/mL through week 48, whereas 12 (16%) discontinued treatment: two (3%) withdrew informed consent, one (1%) had a R5→X4 shift in HIV tropism between the screening and baseline visits, one (1%) was lost to follow‐up, one (1%) developed an ART‐related adverse event (rash), two (3%) died due to non‐study‐related causes (1 myocardial infarction at week 0 and 1 lung cancer at week 36), and five (7%) developed protocol‐defined virological failure, although two of them regained VL<50 c/mL with the same MVC regimen (Table 1). Conclusions Initiation of MVC plus 2 NRTIs in aviremic subjects based on genotypic tropism testing of proviral HIV‐1 DNA is associated with low rates of virological failure up to one year