Manifestaciones orales de la infección por VIH en la infancia: artículo de revisión

La gran mayoría de niños con infección por VIH presentan, dentro de sus primeros signos de enfermedad, manifestaciones orales. Estas lesiones orales no están producidas directamente por dicho virus, son manifestaciones asociadas a la infección por VIH, ya que no son patognomónicas de la infección. Algunas de estas lesiones orales tienen un valor pronóstico de cara a la evolución de la infección y la aparición de SIDA, independientemente de otros marcadores de uso más común. Los factores de riesgo esenciales que predisponen al desarrollo de dichas manifestaciones orales son el bajo número de linfocitos T CD4+, xerostomía y la ausencia de tratamiento antiretroviral. Infecciones oportunistas como las micosis, entre ellas la candidiasis oral pseudomembranosa se hallan con mayor prevalencia; seguidas de las infecciones víricas herpéticas. Las lesiones orales que aparecen en niños infectados se difieren en cuanto a prevalencia a las halladas en el paciente adulto seropositivo, algunas como la hipetrofia parotídea se presentan con mayor exclusividad en niños, otras como las infecciones bacterianas periodontales, el Sarcoma de Kaposi son lesiones que predominan en población adulta infectada por VIH. Dada la trascendencia actual de la pandemia causada por VIH, es responsabilidad de los profesionales odontólogos y estomatólogos el prevenir, diagnosticar precozmente, tratar y controlar las lesiones orales de los pacientes infectados por el VIH. Todo ello refleja una reducción en la transmisión, menor mortalidad y mayor supervivencia a largo plazo de los niños infectados.The vast majority of children with HIV infection present oral manifestations among the first signs of illness. These lesions are not produced directly by the virus, but are manifestations associated with HIV infection, and are not pathognomic of the infection itself. Some of these oral lesions have a prognostic value with regard to progression of the infection and the appearance of AIDS; independently of other, more commonly used markers. The essential risk factors that influence the development of such oral manifestations are the low number of CD4+ lymphocytes, xerostomia, and the lack of anti-retroviral therapy. Opportunist infections, such as mycoses - including pseudomembranous oral candidiasis, are found with higher frequency; followed by the herpetic viral infections. The oral lesions that appear in infected children differ in prevalence from those found in seropositive adults, some, such as parotid hypertrophy, present more exclusively in children, others, such as periodontal bacterial infections and Kaposi's Sarcoma, are lesions that predominate in the adult HIV-infected population. Given the current impact of the pandemic caused by HIV, it is the responsibility of dental professionals to prevent, detect, treat and control the oral lesions in those patients infected with HIV. All of which will be reflected in a reduction in transmission, lower mortality and greater long-term survival for infected children

Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on the apnoea-hypopnoea index during sleep in children. Systematic review

Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatment is prescribed in patients with maxillary compression, achieving increases in transverse palate and nasal cavity dimensions together with an increase in the distance between the pterygoid processes. Sleep apnoea-h

Spanish Paediatricians’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Oral Health of Children under 6 Years of Age: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a prevalent chronic pathology, and it has a negative impact on the oral and general health of the child patient. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Spanish paediatricians regarding early childhood caries according to the professional’s years of experience. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire was conducted by Spanish paediatricians via WhatsApp and e-mails from January to April 2021. Data were analysed using Chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test and Cramer’s V test. Results: There were a total of 359 participants. Most respondents were women (81.3%) with up to 10 years of professional experience (31.2%) in primary health care and public health. In most cases, participants had an excellent knowledge of primary dentition (90.8%), but they ignored (56%) when the first visit to the dentist should occur. Regarding the aetiological factors of caries, oral hygiene and prevention, a lower rate of knowledge was observed. The majority of participants (80.8%) were not able to identify white spot lesions and enamel defects (76%). They considered that their knowledge in oral health was deficient, highlighting the need to increase their training. Less experienced paediatricians were found to have higher success rates. Conclusions: The level of knowledge and attitudes regarding early childhood caries of the evaluated paediatricians should be improved. Paediatricians had difficulties in identifying early caries lesions and enamel defects. Nevertheless, a higher level of knowledge and positive attitudes towards dental caries has been detected among paediatricians with fewer years of professional experience

Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Epidemiology and Oral Public Health (SESPO) for the healthcare adaptation of public health dental clinics in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic and, a few days later, the Spanish Government declared a State of Emergency and the population lockdown. This crisis situation crisis forced deep changes in health care. A

Delivery of Health Care by Spanish Dental Hygienists in Private and Public Dental Services during the COVID-19 De-Escalation Phase (June 2020): A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain posed a major challenge for Spanish dental professionals. The objective of this work is to describe the dental hygienists’ work status and employment patterns during the de-escalation phase in order to analyse the standards of knowledge, compliance with official recommendations, and dental activities both in the public health service and in the private sector. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire was answered by Spanish dental hygienists via WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram. The questionnaire was piloted before it was distributed and carried out during June 2020. Results: Here, 517 dental hygienists were surveyed, of which 86.2% followed the official recommendations to avoid contagion and 63.8% agreed with the gradual return to work by limiting the use of aerosols. Private dental hygienists identified more with returning to work without restrictions (14.5%) versus those working for the public service (1.2%) (p < 0.005). Conclusions: Dental hygienists’ return to work has involved different strategies, aimed at controlling infection and guaranteeing the safety of patients and the rest of the dental team. The availability of personal protective equipment, the adaptation of clinical infrastructure, and patient care management have differed between professionals working in the private and public sectors

El conflicto entre cristianos y musulmanes en las relaciones de sucesos : la liberación de Buda

Este trabajo propone el análisis de una selección de textos escritos en romance sobre la derrota turca y la toma de la ciudad de Buda en 1686, que denuncian la exultante acogida popular de la noticia de las gestas cristianas en Centroeuropa, la percepción del eterno conflicto entre Oriente y Occidente y la proyección del imaginario colectivo del siglo xvii acerca de la lucha contra los infieles.This paper offers the analysis of a selection of texts, written in Romance languages, about the Turkish defeat and the conquest of the city of Buda in 1686, which provide evidence of the popular exultation at the news of the Christian achievements in Central Europe, the perception of the eternal conflict between East and West, and the projection of the seventeenth-century collective imagination regarding the struggle against the infidel

Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 17

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 17 de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada, de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico. Con esta colección, se aspira contribuir con el cultivo, la comprensión, la recopilación y la apropiación social del conocimiento en cuanto a patrimonio intangible de la humanidad, con el propósito de hacer aportes con la transformación de las relaciones socioculturales que sustentan la construcción social de los saberes y su reconocimiento como bien público

Delivery of Health Care by Spanish Dental Hygienists in Private and Public Dental Services during the COVID-19 De-Escalation Phase (June 2020): A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain posed a major challenge for Spanish dental professionals. The objective of this work is to describe the dental hygienists’ work status and employment patterns during the de-escalation phase in order to analyse the standards of knowledge, compliance with official recommendations, and dental activities both in the public health service and in the private sector. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire was answered by Spanish dental hygienists via WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram. The questionnaire was piloted before it was distributed and carried out during June 2020. Results: Here, 517 dental hygienists were surveyed, of which 86.2% followed the official recommendations to avoid contagion and 63.8% agreed with the gradual return to work by limiting the use of aerosols. Private dental hygienists identified more with returning to work without restrictions (14.5%) versus those working for the public service (1.2%) (p &lt; 0.005). Conclusions: Dental hygienists’ return to work has involved different strategies, aimed at controlling infection and guaranteeing the safety of patients and the rest of the dental team. The availability of personal protective equipment, the adaptation of clinical infrastructure, and patient care management have differed between professionals working in the private and public sectors

Actividad asistencial en Unidades de Salud Bucodental del Servicio Andaluz de Salud durante la desescalada del SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic declared by SARS-CoV-2 has meant a crisis in the health system that forced the urgent implementation of preventive public health measures. The respiratory transmission virus remains stable on surfaces, being able to spread by air in respiratory droplets or in procedures that generate aerosols. Dental activity is one of the professional sectors with the highest exposure index, both due to the generation of aerosols in most interventions, as well as the impossibility of maintaining a safe distance between patients and professionals. The postponement of scheduled and non-urgent healthcare activities in dental offices is one of the measures implemented to reduce the risk that it posed for the health and well-being of citizens. This report addresses the recommendations and measures to be taken into account to minimize risks in the Oral Health Units of the Andalusian Public Health System, to address the oral pathology of the population assigned in the scenario of improvement of the pandemic and its partial lack of confinement.La pandemia declarada por SARS-CoV-2 ha supuesto una crisis en el sistema sanitario que obligó a la implementación urgente de medidas preventivas de salud pública. El virus de transmisión respiratoria permanece estable en superficies, pudiéndose propagar por vía aérea en gotitas respiratorias o en procedimientos que generan aerosoles. La actividad odontológica es uno de los sectores profesionales con mayor índice de exposición, tanto por la generación de aerosoles en la mayor parte de las intervenciones, así como por la imposibilidad de mantener una distancia de seguridad entre paciente y profesionales. El aplazamiento de las actividades sanitarias programadas y no urgentes en los gabinetes dentales son una de las medidas implantadas para disminuir el riesgo que supone para la salud y el bienestar de la ciudadanía. Este informe abordó las recomendaciones y medidas a tener en cuenta para minimizar riesgos en las Unidades de Salud Bucodental del Sistema Sanitario Público Andaluz, para atender la patología bucodental de la población asignada en el escenario de mejora de la pandemia y su desconfinamiento parcial