Allocation of the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits : jurisprudential perspectives

Outer space is the new frontier for humankind. Its utilization depends on two distinct natural resources, the radio-frequency spectrum and the orbits around the Earth. The rapid advancement of technology in these fields simultaneously necessitates the introspection of principles upon which international law is construed. As the international policy and law makers face the future for the exploration of outer space and the capabilities of the radio spectrum, some conflicting considerations arise that can be scrutinized through the lens of jurisprudence. This paper discusses the allocation and distribution of those scarce natural resources between developed and developing countries, currently in the hands of international organizations, mainly the International Telecommunication Union. It critically reflects upon the in/ex-clusiveness of international law and the potential unequal relationships between developed and developing nations while managing some of the Global Commons. It examines the established practices from two neighbouring schools of thought and around two central concepts, fairness and efficiency

Recent developments in the rapid analysis of plants and tracking their bioactive constituents

Natural products chemistry has witnessed many new developments in the last 5 years like extractions with subcritical water and ionic liquids, LC/HRMS and LC/SPE/cryo-NMR, UHPLC, TLC/MS, MS-based preparative HPLC, comprehensive chromatography (GC × GC, LC × LC), high-throughput screening, introduction of monolithic columns, miniaturisation, and automated structure identification. Nevertheless identifying bioactive constituents in complex plant extracts remains a tedious process. The classical approach of bioassay guided fractionation is time-consuming while off-line screening of extracts does not provide information on individual compounds and sometimes suffers from false positives or negatives. One way out of this is by coupling chromatography with chemical or biochemical assays, so called high resolution screening. An example is the development of HPLC on-line assays for antioxidants. By the post-column addition of a relatively stable coloured radical like DPPH¿ or ABTS¿+, radical scavengers are detected as negative peaks because in a reaction coil they reduce the model radical to its reduced, non-coloured form. When combined with LC/DAD/MS and LC/SPE/NMR, reliable identification of active constituents becomes possible without the necessity of ever isolating them in a classical sense. Also for finding leads for new drugs, combining HPLC with biochemical assays is interesting but technically more difficult. Most enzymes do not work at the organic modifier concentrations commonly encountered in RP-HPLC and the reaction time is often longer requiring dilution and lengthy coils respectively. Therefore, new techniques have to be implemented to gain the required sensitivity for on-line enzyme assays. For stable analytes, high temperature LC offers a solution to the organic modifier problem. When enzymes are highly expensive, like those used in the screening for Cytochrome P450 inhibitors, miniaturisation to chip format may offer a way out. Microreactors (chips) are not only useful for miniaturising larger assays but also offer completely new prospects in phytochemical analysis. One such application is in the sample clean-up of acids and bases like alkaloids. In a lay-out of three parallel channels of 100 ¿m width with the middle one containing organic phase and the two outer ones water of high pH (feed phase) and low pH (trapping phase) such a chip replaces two classical LLE steps but is much faster and requires less solvents and less manpower input

Ocean heat uptake processes: a model intercomparison

We compare the quasi-equilibrium heat balances, as well as their responses to 4×CO2 perturbation, among three global climate models with the aim to identify and explain inter-model differences in ocean heat uptake (OHU) processes. We find that, in quasi-equilibrium, convective and mixed layer processes, as well as eddy-related processes, cause cooling of the subsurface ocean. The cooling is balanced by warming caused by advective and diapycnally diffusive processes. We also find that in the CO2-perturbed climates the largest contribution to OHU comes from changes in vertical mixing processes and the mean circulation, particularly in the extra-tropics, caused both by changes in wind forcing, and by changes in high-latitude buoyancy forcing. There is a substantial warming in the tropics, a significant part of which occurs because of changes in horizontal advection in extra-tropics. Diapycnal diffusion makes only a weak contribution to the OHU, mainly in the tropics, due to increased stratification. There are important qualitative differences in the contribution of eddy-induced advection and isopycnal diffusion to the OHU among the models. The former is related to the different values of the coefficients used in the corresponding scheme. The latter is related to the different tapering formulations of the isopycnal diffusion scheme. These differences affect the OHU in the deep ocean, which is substantial in two of the models, the dominant region of deep warming being the Southern Ocean. However, most of the OHU takes place above 2000 m, and the three models are quantitatively similar in their global OHU efficiency and its breakdown among processes and as a function of latitude

Origin of the warm eastern tropical Atlantic SST bias in a climate model

The substantial warm sea surface temperature bias in the eastern Tropical Atlantic reported in most CMIP5 climate simulations with various models, in particular along the coast of Namibia and Angola, remains an issue in more recent and CMIP6-ready versions of climate models such as EC-Earth. A complete and original set of experiments with EC-Earth3.1 is performed to investigate the causes and mechanisms responsible for the emergence and persistence of this bias. The fully-developed bias is studied in a historical experiment that has reached quasi-equilibrium, while retrospective prediction experiments are used to highlight the development/growth from an observed initial state. Prediction experiments are performed at both low and high resolution to assess the possible dependence of the bias on horizontal resolution. Standalone experiments with the ocean and the atmosphere components of EC-Earth are also analyzed to separate the respective contributions of the ocean and atmosphere to the development of the bias. EC-Earth3.1 exhibits a bias similar to that reported in most climate models that took part in CMIP5. The magnitude of this bias, however, is weaker than most CMIP5 models by few degrees. Increased horizontal resolution only leads to a minor reduction of the bias in EC-Earth. The warm SST bias is found to be the result of an excessive solar absorption in the ocean mixed layer, which can be linked to the excessive solar insolation due to unrealistically low cloud cover, and the absence of spatial and temporal variability of the biological productivity in the ocean component. The warm SST bias is further linked to deficient turbulent vertical mixing of cold water to the mixed layer. Our study points at a need for better representation of clouds in the vicinity of eastern boundaries in atmosphere models, and better representation of solar penetration and turbulent mixing in the ocean models in order to eliminate the Tropical Atlantic biases.We would like to acknowledge the anonymous reviewer who provided constructive comments that led to a considerable improvement of the manuscript. We would also like to thank Aurore Voldoire and Anna-Lena Deppenmeier for the useful discussion, and Yann Planton for providing the code for implementing the tendency diagnostics in NEMO. This research has received funding from the EU Seventh Framework Programme FP7 (2007–2013) under grant agreements 308378 (SPECS), 603521 (PREFACE) and the Horizon 2020 EU program under grand agreements 641727 (PRIMAVERA). We acknowledge RES and ECMWF for awarding access to supercomput- ing facilities in the Barcelona Supercomputing Center in Spain and the ECMWF Supercomputing Center in the UK, through the HiResClim and SPESICCF projects, recpectively. We acknowledge the work of the developers of the s2dverification R-based package (http://cran.r-project. org/web/packages/s2dverification/index.html). The visualization of some of the figures was done with the NCAR Command Language (NCL, Version 6.3.0, 2016, Boulder, Colorado: UCAR/NCAR/CISL/TDD, http://dx.doi.org/10.5065/D6WD3XH5).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

PERCEPTIONS OF GENERAL AND SPECIAL EDUCATORS ABOUT INCLUSION TO STUDENTS WITH AUTISΜ ΙΝ SCHOOLS OF GENERAL EDUCATION

Nowadays, inclusion of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in general education is increasing, and teachers are invited to incorporate them in their classroom. The present study attempts to investigate the views of teachers of general and special education on inclusion of students with ASD in the mainstream classroom. The research participants were sixteen general and special education teachers serving primary schools in the counties of Arta and Preveza during the 2019-2020 school year. The research was conducted using a semi-structured interview. According to the results of the survey, all teachers had knowledge of the disorder, but special educators had a bit more specialized knowledge. Overall, teachers expressed positive views on the inclusion of students with ASD and no significant differences were found between general and special education teachers. The characteristics of the student with ASD have been shown to be an important factor in the views of all participants regarding the choice of framework of study, as well as the collaboration between teachers for successful inclusion. In addition, the importance of continuing education on autism and inclusion has emerged as a factor with significant impact on inclusive education for all participants.  Article visualizations

Η επιθετικότητα σε διαταραχές προσωπικότητας Cluster-B. Ο ρόλος της αυτοεκτίμησης και του αυστοστιγματισμού

Η επιθετικότητα και η σύνδεσή της με τις διαταραχές προσωπικότητας Cluster-B προσελκύει όλο και περισσότερο το ενδιαφέρον της επιστημονικής κοινότητας και ιδιαίτερα του κλάδου της Ψυχιατροδικαστικής. Η πολυπλοκότητα των παραγόντων που σχετίζονται με την επιθετικότητα είναι μεγάλη και τα τελευταία χρόνια αποκτά όλο και περισσότερο ενδιαφέρον η σχέση της με την εικόνα εαυτού των ασθενών. Οι μελέτες έχουν έως τώρα αναδείξει αντικρουόμενα αποτελέσματα στη διερεύνηση της σχέσης επιθετικότητας και αυτοεκτίμησης ενώ λιγοστές μελέτες έχουν ασχοληθεί με την σχέση αυτή στους ασθενείς με διαταραχή προσωπικότητας Cluster-B. Επίσης η εσωτερίκευση του στίγματος της ψυχικής πάθησης, ο αυτοστιγματισμός δηλαδή των ατόμων αυτών, έχει μελετηθεί σε περιορισμένο αριθμό μελετών και η σχέση του με την επιθετικότητα στους ασθενείς με διαταραχή προσωπικότητας Cluster-B παραμένει ανεξερεύνητη. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, διερευνήθηκαν πιθανές διαφορές ανάμεσα στα επίπεδα αυτοεκτίμησης και επιθετικότητας σε ασθενείς με διαταραχή προσωπικότητας Cluster-B και σε άτομα χωρίς αυτή τη διάγνωση. Επίσης διερευνήθηκε η συσχέτιση της αυτοεκτίμησης και του αυτοστιγματισμού με την επιθετικότητα στην συγκεκριμένη ομάδα ασθενών καθώς και η επίδραση των δημογραφικών παραγόντων φύλου και εκπαίδευσης στην αυτοεκτίμηση, τον αυτοστιγματισμό και την επιθετικότητα. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχε δείγμα 30 ασθενών με διάγνωση διαταραχής προσωπικότητας Cluster-B από το Ειδικό Τμήμα Διαταραχών Προσωπικότητας της Α’ Πανεπιστημιακής Ψυχιατρικής Κλινικής του Αιγινήτειου Νοσοκομείου καθώς και δείγμα 30 μαρτύρων. Για την μέτρηση της αυτοεκτίμησης, του αυτοστιγματισμού και της επιθετικότητας χορηγήθηκε η αυτοσυμπληρούμενη Κλίμακα Αυτοεκτίμησης του Rosenberg (Rosenberg’s SelfEsteem Scale, RSES), η αυτοσυμπληρούμενη Κλίμακα Εσωτερικευμένου Στίγματος των Ψυχικών Παθήσεων (Ιnternalised Stigma of Mental Illness Scale, ISMIS) και το αυτοσυμπληρούμενο Ερωτηματολόγιο Επιθετικότητας και Κατεύθυνσης της Επιθετικότητας (Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire, HDHQ). Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν πως δεν υπάρχουν ενδείξεις διαφοροποίησης της αυτοεκτίμησης, της επιθετικότητας και του αυτοστιγματισμού από τους παράγοντες φύλου και εκπαίδευσης καθώς και ότι υπάρχουν ενδείξεις ότι οι ασθενείς με διαταραχή προσωπικότητας Cluster-B εμφανίζουν στατιστικά σημαντικά υψηλότερη μέση επιθετικότητα, καθώς και στατιστικά σημαντικά χαμηλότερη μέση αυτοεκτίμηση, σε σχέση με τον γενικό πληθυσμό. Τέλος, υπάρχουν ενδείξεις ισχυρής αρνητικής συσχέτισης της αυτοεκτίμησης με την επιθετικότητα, γεγονός το οποίο συνδέει την υψηλή επιθετικότητα με χαμηλά επίπεδα αυτοεκτίμησης. Χρειάζεται περαιτέρω διερεύνηση της σχέσης μεταξύ αυτοστιγματισμού και επιθετικότητας.Aggression and its association with Cluster-B personality disorders are increasingly attracting the interest of the scientific community, and particularly the field of forensic psychiatry. The complexity of the factors associated with aggression is great and in recent years its relationship to patients’ self-image has become increasingly interesting. Until today, contradictory findings have been reported regarding the association between self-esteem and aggression, and few studies have explored this relationship in patients with Cluster-B personality disorder. Moreover, the internalization of stigma of mental illness, i.e. the self-stigma of these people, has been studied in a limited number of studies and its relationship with aggression in patients with Cluster-B personality disorder remains unexplored. In the present study, potential differences between levels of self-esteem and aggression were investigated in patients with Cluster-B personality disorder and in individuals without this diagnosis. In addition, the relationship between self-esteem and self-stigma with aggression in the specific group of patients was investigated, as well as the impact of demographic factors of gender and education on selfesteem, self-stigma and aggression. In the current study, a sample of 30 patients diagnosed with a Cluster-B personality disorder were recruited from the Department of Personality Disorders of the 1st Psychiatric Clinic of Aeginitio Hospital. Also, a control group of 30 people participated in the research. For the measurement of self-esteem, self-stigma and aggression, the Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Ιnternalised Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMIS) and the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ) were used. The results showed no evidence indicating differences of self-esteem, aggression and self-stigma from sex and education factors, and that there was evidence that patients with Cluster-B personality disorder had statistically significantly higher mean aggression and statistically significantly lower self-esteem in relation to general population. Additionally, there is evidence of a strong negative association of self-esteem with aggression, which associates high aggression with low levels of self-esteem. There is a need to further investigate the relationship between self-stigma and aggression

VIEWS OF PARENTS WITH TYPICAL EDUCATION CHILDREN ABOUT INCLUSION OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM IN GENERAL SCHOOL

In recent decades, the debate over the successful implementation of accession policy has been growing. Teachers and parents are called upon to face a new reality. This paper discusses the views of parents with children in typical education regarding the inclusion of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the general school. Individual goals are to investigate parents' knowledge of ASD and factors that may affect parents' perceptions of inclusion. The research sample consists of 159 parents with children of typical education attending primary education (primary schools). Data were collected using a questionnaire with 10 questions on a Likert scale. The results showed that parents as a whole are positive about inclusion, but their views vary depending on some demographic features such as age, marital status, economic level and educational level.  Article visualizations