Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan Berencana Menurut Pasal 340 Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana maksud "direncanakan" sebagai unsur tindak pidana pembunuhan berencana dan bagaimana maksud dan tujuan "direncanakan" dalam tindak pidana kejahatan menurut Pasal 340 KUHPidana, yang dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif disimpulkan bahwa 1. Direncanakan adalah salah satu unsur delik dalam kejahatan pembunuhan (pasal 340) dan pembunuhan anak (pasal 342). Dengan demikian ketiadaan unsur ini pada delik pasal 340 KUHPidana berarti tidak ada pembunuhan berencana demikian pula ketiadaan unsur ini pada pasal 342 berarti tidak ada pembunuhan anak berencana. Dari segi arti direncanakan ialah adanya waktu berpikir untuk melaksanakan perbuatan, ternyata sesungguhnya tidaklah mudah dalam penerapannya karena juga sukar untuk membuktikan. 2. Maksud pencantuman direncanakan sebagai pemberatan hukuman karena dalam pembunuhan yang direncanakan dianggap kwalitas kejahatan lebih berat adalah tidak sesuai lagi dengan Kenyataan yang terjadi di masyarakat dimana kwalitas kejahatan pembunuhan baik direncanakan maupun tidak adalah sama. Tujuan pemberatan hukuman dalam rangka pemberantasan kejahatan pembunuhan juga tidak beralasan lagi membedakan antara berencana dan tidak berencana karena kwalitas kejahatannya dewasa ini sama berat dan oleh karena itu pula kwalitas pemberantasannya pun sama berat

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE ISOLATED FRACTIONS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF RICE

Rice is the staple food of the people of the world food grain. Besides bean the main source of calories and proteins, rice is an important cereal because it has the highest digestibility, biological value and protein efficiency ratio among all the cereals (KAUL et al. 1973). Although rice is an important food in mid and upper Egypt, the isolated fractions of grain rice cultivated in Egypt need to be fully investigated. The objective of the present work was to study the proximate analysis, mineral content, lipids and the amino acid content of some varieties of rice and its isolated fractions

Correlation between the severity of COVID-19 vaccine-related adverse events and the blood group of the vaccinees in Saudi Arabia: A web-based survey

Background: Recent epidemiological studies have reported an association between the ABO blood group and the acquisition, symptom severity, and mortality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the association between the ABO blood group antigens and the type and severity of COVID-19 vaccine-related adverse reactions has not been elucidated.Patients and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study in Saudi Arabia from February to April 2022. The study cohort included adults who had received or were willing to receive at least two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine of any type. We used Chi-square test to assess the association between the ABO blood groups and vaccine-related adverse reactions. p values of <0.05 were considered significant.Results: Of the 1180 participants, approximately half were aged 18–30 years old, 69.2% were female, and 41.6% reported their blood group as O. The most frequent COVID-19 vaccine-related adverse reactions were fatigue (65%), pain at the injection site (56%), and headache (45.9%). These adverse reactions demonstrated significant correlations with the education level (p = 0.003) and nationality (p = 0.018) of the participants following the first dose, with gender (p < 0.001) following the second dose, and with the general health status (p < 0.001) after all the doses. Remarkably, no correlation was observed between the severity of the vaccine-related adverse reactions and ABO blood groups.Conclusion: Our findings do not support a correlation between the severity of COVID-19 vaccine-related adverse reactions and the ABO blood groups of the vaccinees. The creation of a national database is necessary to account for population differences

Adsorption of organic water pollutants by clays and clay minerals composites: A comprehensive review

Clays and clay minerals are inexpensive, non-toxic, and naturally occurring minerals that have been utilized in water remediation as adsorbents. However, clays and clay minerals and those modified with heat, surfactants, acids, or organic-inorganic modifiers exhibit low adsorption capacity and re-generation ability towards organic water pollutants. The development of clays and clay minerals composites has gained considerable attention in recent years due to their enhanced adsorption capacity, ease of recovery from aqueous solution and improved physiochemical properties relative to raw and modified clays and clay minerals. This review aims to assess recent literature on clays and clay minerals composites including bentonite, montmorillonite and kaolinite intercalated with carbonaceous, metals, metal oxides, chitosan and polymeric materials and appraise their adsorption performance towards organic water pollutants. The review examines the effect of the composites' physicochemical properties on the adsorption performance and evaluates the adsorption mechanism as well as regeneration methods. The review also attempts to highlight the current progress in this area by assessing the outcomes of recently published articles and outline the research gaps for future research.This publication was made possible by an Award [GSRA6-2-0516-19029] from Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The contents herein are solely the responsibility of the author[s]. Open access funding is provided by the Qatar National Library.Scopu

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 into formate/formic acid: A review of cell design and operation

The release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere is threatening the environment and ecosystems, resulting in major challenges to sustainable development for modern industry. In this context, CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2 ECR) is one of the most promising technologies to mitigate the effects of high CO2 content in the atmosphere. Electrochemical technology can convert CO2 into value-added chemicals including methanol, ethanol and formate. In this review, different mechanisms of CO2 electrochemical reduction into formate/formic acid are reviewed, highlighting the different cell designs. Also, the effect of cell design and operating parameters on the electrochemical reduction process are discussed. The review aims to highlight recent developments in the CO2 electrochemical cell design for formate production and provide guidelines for future advancements. Challenges of large-scale production and research gaps are also provided. 2023 The AuthorsThe authors would like to acknowledge the support of Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation) through Grant # NPRP 12 C-33923-SP-102 (NPRP12 C-0821-190017). The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library.Scopu

Adsorption of 4-Nitrophenol onto Iron Oxide Bentonite Nanocomposite: Process Optimization, Kinetics, Isotherms and Mechanism

Despite its importance in chemical industry, 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) is a persistent organic pollutant that has serious effects on the ecosystem. In the present study, Box–Behnken design in response surface methodology was used to optimize the adsorption process parameters for the maximum 4-NP removal at 30 ℃ using Fe3O4/Bt NC. The regression model results suggested that the optimum adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, pH and contact time were 0.3182 g, 85 mg/L, 11 and 137.2 min, respectively. The regression model showed an optimum removal of 100%, while 99.5% removal was obtained from batch experiments at the optimum conditions suggested by the regression model, which confirm the model validity. The adsorption data best fitted to Freundlich isotherm model and Pseudo second-order kinetic model suggesting the existence of physical and chemical interaction between the fabricated composite and 4-NP. FTIR analysis suggested that the adsorption mechanism included an electrostatic attraction and the formation of new chemical bonds. Obtained results suggest that Fe3O4/Bt NC can be an effective adsorbent for complete 4-NP removal at the indicated optimum conditions.This research was made possible by an NPRP Grant # 10-0127-170270 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. The author Dina Ewis acknowledged the financial support of QNRF through the Graduate Sponsorship Research Award (GSRA) number GSRA#6-2-0516-19029.Scopu

Prospective assessment of Y-chromosome microdeletions and reproductive outcomes among infertile couples of Japanese and African origin

BACKGROUND: To compare the frequency of Y-chromosome microdeletions in Japanese and African azoospermic and oligozoospermic men and describe embryo characteristics and reproductive outcome following in vitro fertilization (IVF) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). METHODS: Our study was performed prospectively at two centers, a private IVF clinic and a university hospital. Japanese and African (Tanzanian) men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) and oligozoospermia (concentration < 5 × 10(6 )/ml) were evaluated for Y-chromosome microdeletions (n = 162). Of the 47 men with NOA, 26 were Japanese and 21 were Africans. Of the 115 men with oligozoospermia, 87 were Japanese and 28 were Africans. Reproductive outcomes of patients with Y-chromosome microdeletions were then compared with those of 19 IVF+ICSI cycles performed on couples with Y-chromosome intact males/tubal factor infertility which served as a control group. RESULTS: Seven azoospermic and oligozoospermic patients had Y-chromosome deletions; the total number of deletions in the AZFc region was five. There was only one deletion in the AZFa region and one complete deletion involving all three regions (AZFa, b, and c) within AZF. In our study population, microdeletion frequency among Japanese men was 6.2% (95% CI, 4.25% – 14.45%), whereas no deletions were identified in the African group (95% CI, 0.0% – 7.27%). The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant, however. Embryos derived from ICSI utilizing sperm with Y-chromosome microdeletion showed reduced rates of fertilization, blastocyst development, implantation, and pregnancy compared to the Y-chromosome intact group, although these observed differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The observed frequency of Y-chromosome microdeletion was 6.2% among Japanese azoospermic and oligozoospermic males; no microdeletions were identified among our African study patients. In this population of couples undergoing IVF+ICSI, there was no statistically significant difference in embryo characteristics or pregnancy outcome between patients with Y-chromosome microdeletion and those with an intact Y-chromosome

Lack of Association between Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population

The Y chromosome has recently been suggested to have an association with prostate cancer risk in human populations. Since this chromosome is haploid and lacks recombination over most of its length, haplotypes constructed from binary markers throughout the chromosome can be used for association studies. To assess the possible Y-chromosomal contribution to prostate cancer risk, we have therefore analyzed 14 Y-chromosomal binary markers in 106 prostate cancer cases and 110 controls from the Korean population. In contrast to previous findings in the Japanese population, no statistically significant difference in the distribution of Y-chromosomal haplogroup frequencies was observed between the case and control groups of Koreans. Thus, our data imply that the previously reported associations between Y-chromosomal lineages and a predisposition to, or protection against, prostate cancer might be explained by statistical fluctuations, or by genetic effects that are seen only in some environments