Rôle de deux groupes de vésicules dans la transmission synaptique

Les synapses formées par les fibres moussues (FM) sur les cellules principales de la région CA3 (FM-CA3) jouent un rôle crucial pour la formation de la mémoire spatiale dans l’hippocampe. Une caractéristique des FM est la grande quantité de zinc localisée avec le glutamate dans les vésicules synaptiques recyclées par la voie d’endocytose dépendante de l’AP3. En combinant l’imagerie calcique et l’électrophysiologie, nous avons étudié le rôle des vésicules contenant le zinc dans la neurotransmission aux synapses FM-CA3. Contrairement aux études précédentes, nous n’avons pas observé de rôle pour le zinc dans l’induction des vagues calciques. Nos expériences ont révélé que les vagues calciques sont dépendantes de l’activation des récepteurs métabotropiques et ionotropiques du glutamate. D’autre part, nos données indiquent que les vésicules dérivées de la voie dépendante de l’AP3 forment un groupe de vésicules possédant des propriétés spécifiques. Elles contribuent principalement au relâchement asynchrone du glutamate. Ainsi, les cellules principales du CA3 de souris n’exprimant pas la protéine AP3 avaient une probabilité inférieure de décharge et une réduction de la synchronie des potentiels d’action lors de la stimulation à fréquences physiologiques. Cette diminution de la synchronie n’était pas associée avec un changement des paramètres quantiques ou de la taille des groupes de vésicules. Ces résultats supportent l’hypothèse que deux groupes de vésicules sont présents dans le même bouton synaptique. Le premier groupe est composé de vésicules recyclées par la voie d’endocytose utilisant la clathrine et participe au relâchement synchrone du glutamate. Le second groupe est constitué de vésicules ayant été recyclées par la voie d’endocytose dépendante de l’AP3 et contribue au relâchement asynchrone du glutamate. Ces deux groupes de vésicules sont nécessaires pour l’encodage de l’information et pourraient être importants pour la formation de la mémoire. Ainsi, les décharges de courte durée à haute fréquence observées lorsque les animaux pénètrent dans les places fields pourraient causer le relâchement asynchrone de glutamate. Finalement, les résultats de mon projet de doctorat valident l’existence et l’importance de deux groupes de vésicules dans les MF qui sont recyclées par des voies d’endocytoses distinctes et relâchées durant différents types d’activités.Mossy fiber-CA3 pyramidal cell synapses play a crucial role in the hippocampal formation of spatial memories. These synaptic connections possess a number of unique features substantial for its role in the information processing and coding. One of these features is presence of zinc co-localized with glutamate within a subpopulation of synaptic vesicles recycling through AP3-dependent bulk endocytosis. Using Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiological recordings we investigated role of these zinc containing vesicles in the neurotransmission. In contrast to previous reports, we did not observe any significant role of vesicular zinc in the induction of large postsynaptic Ca2+ waves triggered by burst stimulation. Moreover, our experiments revealed that Ca2+ waves mediated by Ca2+ release from internal stores are dependent not only on the activation of metabotropic, but also ionotropic glutamate receptors. Nevertheless, subsequent experiments unveiled that the vesicles derived via AP3-dependent endocytosis primary contribute to the asynchronous, but not synchronous mode of glutamate release. Futhermore, knockout mice lacking adaptor protein AP3 had a reduced synchronization of postsynaptic action potentials and impaired information transfer; this was not associated with any changes in the synchronous release quantal parameters and vesicle pool size. These findings strongly support the idea that within a single presynaptic bouton two heterogeneous pools of releasable vesicles are present. One pool of readily releasable vesicles forms via clathrin mediated endocytosis and mainly participates in the synchronous release; a second pool forms through bulk endocytosis and primarily supplies asynchronous release. The existence of two specialized pools is essential for the information coding and transfer within hippocampus. It also might be important for hippocampal memory formation. In contrast to low firing rates at rest, dentate gyrus granule cells tend to fire high frequency bursts once an animal enters a place field. These burst activities, embedded in the lower gamma frequency, should be especially efficient in the triggering of substantial asynchronous glutamate release. Therefore, the results of my PhD project for the first time provide strong evidence for the presence and physiological importance of two vesicle pools with heterogeneous release and recycling properties via separate endocytic pathways within the same mossy fiber bouton

APPROACHING THE RUSSIAN SOUL: CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE IMAGE OF NATIONAL LEADER THROUGH PECULIAR FEATURES OF RUSSIAN NATIONAL MENTALITY

The Thesis considers the question of reasons for a higher public appeal of national leaders with the case study of popular appeal of the President Vladimir Putin among the Russian population. The concepts of nation and national mentality are contemplat-ed to reveal the process of construction of the image of a national leader. In the thesis the author considers the issues of nation and the process of its formation; constructivist and primordialistic approaches to the nature of nationalism and problems of national mentality; genesis of Russian nation and peculiarities of national mindset. Theoretical concepts are applied in the analysis of a TV-program with the participation of the Pres-ident: Direct Line with Vladimir Putin. The author applies a method of interpretive content analysis, which lets answer the research question of how specific characteristics of national mentality are used for the purpose of creating a positive image of the head of state. The program is analysed from the emotional perspective and demonstrates how the basic traits of the Russian national mentality are operated within communication between the nation and the national leader. The analysis is divided into several subsections where different topics are discussed, while specific emotions and peculiarities in national mentality are appealed. As follows from the analysis, the influence and power over a nation is constructed through the intimate knowledge of the nation’s mentality specifics. The research comes the conclusion of inevitability to comprehend the nation, its history, culture, and system of values for a national leader for the construction of public approval and loyalty

The Role of Radiation Quality and Cell Ploidy in Genetic Instability

The survival and late appearance of colonies by isogenic haploid and diploid yeast cells of wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their homozygous radiosensitive mutants surviving after irradiation wit

Análisis del impacto de la literatura en la formación de la imagen del funcionario público de la Federación de Rusia en los medios de comunicación

The main features of the XXI century Russian society have been formed due to social and psychological changes, which led to a global transformation of the state system. Modern world faces the problem of developing a new policy of state power that will be based on the principles of consensus (reconciliation of all contentious and conflicting issues in the process of developing a solution that is reached through discussion and consultation), society and open partnership. The reason for this global upheaval is that the pace of change in the relationship between the state (government) and society itself depends on the open-ended policy that is now key. The image of a civil servant is similar to a construction that can be replaced, strengthened, re-mounted, modified, etc., and most importantly, that it needs serious work. The perception of the image exists and changes not only in the consciousness of people, but also in the unconscious sphere (emotional). In order to create a positive image of a civil servant, they need to be governed. To manage it, one needs to know the basic idea of what and in what sequence should occur, and at what stage intermediate results should appear. According to the authors, the solution to the problem of studying the acting factors that make the positive image of civil servants of modern Russia, the identification of the most effective ways, forms and principles of its positive transformation, as well as the analysis of the constituents of the employee of state structures are relevant. The most important in the work of representatives of public authorities is the nature of their public relations. If public servants do not evoke citizens' feelings of trust, justice and other positive psychological and social reactions, then feedback (from the population to state bodies) will be ineffective. Since the operation of the system of state power is the result of the functioning of the whole state as a whole, it is important that the work of state bodies used the maximum opportunities with the least cost. This scheme ensures effective management and positive results. But such a situation will not be achievable if the level of public trust in government is low.Las principales características de la sociedad rusa del siglo XXI se han formado debido a cambios sociales y psicológicos, que condujeron a una transformación global del sistema estatal. El mundo moderno enfrenta el problema de desarrollar una nueva política de poder estatal que se basará en los principios de consenso (conciliación de todos los temas conflictivos y conflictivos en el proceso de desarrollar una solución que se alcance a través de la discusión y consulta), la sociedad y la asociación abierta. La razón de esta agitación global es que el ritmo de cambio en la relación entre el estado (gobierno) y la sociedad misma depende de la política abierta que ahora es clave.La imagen de un funcionario público es similar a una construcción que se puede reemplazar, fortalecer, volver a montar, modificar, etc., y lo más importante, que necesita un trabajo serio. La percepción de la imagen existe y cambia no solo en la conciencia de las personas, sino también en la esfera inconsciente (emocional). Para crear una imagen positiva de un funcionario público, deben ser gobernados. Para gestionarlo, es necesarioconocer la idea básica de qué y en qué secuencia debe ocurrir, y en qué etapa deben aparecer los resultados intermedios. Según los autores, la solución al problema de estudiar los factores de actuación que hacen la imagen positiva de los funcionarios de la Rusia moderna, la identificación de las formas, formas y principios más efectivos de su transformación positiva, así como el análisis de los componentes del empleado de las estructuras estatales son relevantes. Lo más importante en el trabajo de los representantes de las autoridades públicas es la naturaleza de sus relaciones públicas. Si los servidores públicos no evocan los sentimientos de confianza, justicia y otras reacciones psicológicas y sociales positivas de los ciudadanos, la retroalimentación (de la población a los organismos estatales) será ineficaz. Dado que la operación del sistema de poder estatal es el resultado del funcionamiento de todo el estado en su conjunto, es importante que el trabajo de los organismos estatales aproveche las máximasoportunidades con el menor costo. Este esquema garantiza una gestión eficaz y resultados positivos. Pero tal situación no será posible si el nivel de confianza pública en el gobierno es bajo

ПРОБЛЕМА МОРАЛЬНОГО ВЫБОРА В РАННИХ РАССКАЗАХ Д. СОЛЕВА

The changes occurring in the Macedonian literature from the middle of the 1950-s to the middle of the 1960-s didn’t touch its artistical forms only, but they also touched the contents of works. The prose aspired to decide existential questions, including the question of a moral choice and responsibility connected to it. The last was of special interest for Dimitar Solev (born 1930), the outstanding prose writer, one of the key men in the literary life of that epoch. The first collection of his stories «Thawed snow» (1956) compelled attention of readers and critics right away, because of its aesthetic and ideological novelty. It was followed by the collection «Along the river and against the current» (1960) which developed the tendencies of «Thawed snow» fruitfully and showed the writer’s creative growth. The problem of the moral choice was developed on diverse material in Solev’s early stories. First of all, it was the actual military theme which was soil favorable to moral questions, but up to the middle of the 1950-s it was more considered from political positions. Solev is one of the writers who has looked the war newly and has represented it as «a moral examination». At the same time he shows convincingly, that the same moral questions arise at peace. Solev tries to avoid simplification; his stories terminate in a question addressed to the reader often. His purpose is to force the reader to reflect and to refuse the ideological schemes of thinking, imposed by the literature of the previous stage. Solev doesn’t achieve great creative success in realizing his intentions at once; but it’s obvious that his artistical language is perfected, his psychologism goes deeper, his treatment of moral problems becomes thiner, step by step

Analysis the Impact of Literature on the Formation of the Russian Federation State Civil Servant Image in Mass Media

The main features of the XXI century Russian society have been formed due to social and psychological changes, which led to a global transformation of the state system. Modern world faces the problem of developing a new policy of state power that will be based on the principles of consensus (reconciliation of all contentious and conflicting issues in the process of developing a solution that is reached through discussion and consultation), society and open partnership. The reason for this global upheaval is that the pace of change in the relationship between the state (government) and society itself depends on the open-ended policy that is now key. The image of a civil servant is similar to a construction that can be replaced, strengthened, re-mounted, modified, etc., and most importantly, that it needs serious work. The perception of the image exists and changes not only in the consciousness of people, but also in the unconscious sphere (emotional). In order to create a positive image of a civil servant, they need to be governed. To manage it, one needs to know the basic idea of what and in what sequence should occur, and at what stage intermediate results should appear. According to the authors, the solution to the problem of studying the acting factors that make the positive image of civil servants of modern Russia, the identification of the most effective ways, forms and principles of its positive transformation, as well as the analysis of the constituents of the employee of state structures are relevant. The most important in the work of representatives of public authorities is the nature of their public relations. If public servants do not evoke citizens' feelings of trust, justice and other positive psychological and social reactions, then feedback (from the population to state bodies) will be ineffective. Since the operation of the system of state power is the result of the functioning of the whole state as a whole, it is important that the work of state bodies used the maximum opportunities with the least cost. This scheme ensures effective management and positive results. But such a situation will not be achievable if the level of public trust in government is low.The main features of the XXI century Russian society have been formed due to social and psychological changes, which led to a global transformation of the state system. Modern world faces the problem of developing a new policy of state power that will be based on the principles of consensus (reconciliation of all contentious and conflicting issues in the process of developing a solution that is reached through discussion and consultation), society and open partnership. The reason for this global upheaval is that the pace of change in the relationship between the state (government) and society itself depends on the open-ended policy that is now key. The image of a civil servant is similar to a construction that can be replaced, strengthened, re-mounted, modified, etc., and most importantly, that it needs serious work. The perception of the image exists and changes not only in the consciousness of people, but also in the unconscious sphere (emotional). In order to create a positive image of a civil servant, they need to be governed. To manage it, one needs to know the basic idea of what and in what sequence should occur, and at what stage intermediate results should appear. According to the authors, the solution to the problem of studying the acting factors that make the positive image of civil servants of modern Russia, the identification of the most effective ways, forms and principles of its positive transformation, as well as the analysis of the constituents of the employee of state structures are relevant. The most important in the work of representatives of public authorities is the nature of their public relations. If public servants do not evoke citizens' feelings of trust, justice and other positive psychological and social reactions, then feedback (from the population to state bodies) will be ineffective. Since the operation of the system of state power is the result of the functioning of the whole state as a whole, it is important that the work of state bodies used the maximum opportunities with the least cost. This scheme ensures effective management and positive results. But such a situation will not be achievable if the level of public trust in government is low

Using the scenarios of simulation case assignments in the educational process of students in the specialty "State and Municipal Management", master's degree programme

The article is devoted to the use of simulation case assignments in the learning process of students pursuing a Master's degree in "State and Municipal Management" at Russian State Social University. This university was established in 1991 for the high-quality training of specialists in the social sphere. The specialty "State and Municipal Management" enables students to explore the theoretical and practical levels, the essence and features of management interactions in the system of state and municipal administration, the main objectives, tasks and mechanisms of governance at the state and municipal levels, the methods and means of attracting investments in the economy of the municipality and the region, the features of the management system of the asset portfolio. The discipline "Sociology of Management" is the base for the direction of training "State and Municipal Management". The knowledge and skills acquired during the study contribute to a better understanding of the social, political, and economic patterns of management processes. Management sociology is a science which summarizes all management sciences in terms of targeting and special study of the patterns of managerial relations at all levels of society and its elements' functioning, as well as in all subject areas, the spheres of activity in society. The study of sociology as a science about relationships in the process of governance, connections, and interactions of the subjects of management activity in Russia has started relatively recently. In the mid-1990s, scientific readings and conferences were focused on the definition of the substantive field of science, its structure. Over these years, the situation has been as follows. The sociologists who violently debated and developed this scientific direction, after the appearance of the specialty "Management in Social Sphere" in 1996, in 1999 - the specialty "State and Municipal Management", and in 2002 - the specialty "Personnel Management", handed the study of this discipline to managers. And all of these management specialties found themselves in the consolidated group of professions "Economics and Management". This greatly affected the gap in the subject field of management itself. Most economists imagined that management is economics. The lawyers of those universities where departments of "Public Administration and Legal Support" were established never doubted that management is a legal sphere of activity. None of them paid special attention to the sociological component. However, those universities, which in the course of training in the field of state and municipal government created departments of sociology management in their structure or modules in the curricula, provide the most high-quality preparation of future managers. © 2018 Authors

Slow‐decaying presynaptic calcium dynamics gate long‐lasting asynchronous release at the hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 pyramidal cell synapse

Action potentials trigger two modes of neurotransmitter release, with a fast synchronous component and a temporally delayed asynchronous release. Asynchronous release contributes to information transfer at synapses, including at the hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) to CA3 pyramidal cell synapse where it controls the timing of postsynaptic CA3 pyramidal neuron firing. Here, we identified and characterized the main determinants of asynchronous release at the MF–CA3 synapse. We found that asynchronous release at MF–CA3 synapses can last on the order of seconds following repetitive MF stimulation. Elevating the stimulation frequency or the external Ca2+ concentration increased the rate of asynchronous release, thus, arguing that presynaptic Ca2+ dynamics is the major determinant of asynchronous release rate. Direct MF bouton Ca2+ imaging revealed slow Ca2+ decay kinetics of action potential (AP) burst‐evoked Ca2+ transients. Finally, we observed that asynchronous release was preferentially mediated by Ca2+ influx through P/Q‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels, while the contribution of N‐type VGCCs was limited. Overall, our results uncover the determinants of long‐lasting asynchronous release from MF terminals and suggest that asynchronous release could influence CA3 pyramidal cell firing up to seconds following termination of granule cell bursting