Time variation of galactic cosmic rays

Time variations in the flux of galactic cosmic rays are the result of changing conditions in the solar wind. Maximum cosmic ray fluxes, which occur when solar activity is at a minimum, are well defined. Reductions from this maximum level are typically systematic and predictable but on occasion are rapid and unexpected. Models relating the flux level at lower energy to that at neutron monitor energy are typically accurate to 20 percent of the total excursion at that energy. Other models, relating flux to observables such as sunspot number, flare frequency, and current sheet tilt are phenomenological but nevertheless can be quite accurate

Calculation of the Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Using a Programable Pocket Calculator

The two-way ANOVA is one of the most used experimental designs in statistics. A program is described in this paper which requires the input of each piece of data only once. The calculator computes the means of all rows and columns, the complete ANOVA including F-tests, the components of variance, and the coefficient of variation. An unlimited number of rows and up to ten columns can be handled by this program, which was written for the Hewlett Packard 97 programmable “pocket” calculator

Calculation of Multiple Regression with Three Independent Variables Using a Programable Pocket Calculator

This paper describes a multiple regression program for an equation with one dependent and three independent variables, which was written for a Hewlett-Packard 97 programmable “pocket” calculator. Once each variable is entered, the program calculates sums, sums of squares, sums of cross-products and means of all variables, as well as the number of entries. It also computes the determinant of the matrix, the elements of the inverted matrix, and regression coefficients. The intercept is calculated after means of all variables are re-entered, and a predicted value for the dependent variable can be determined for any set of independent variables

Linear Regression Analysis Using a Programable Pocket Calculator

Linear regression is an extremely useful “least squares” technique for fitting a linear equation to a set of data. This program calculates means, sums of squares, and sums of cross-products of the dependent and independent values which are entered only once. It also calculates the slope and intercept of the line as well as the coefficients of determination and correlation. The program calculates a predicted dependent variable from a given independent variable and vice versa. It also computes the reduction in sum of squares due to regression, residual sum of squares and degrees of freedom, variance about regression, standard error of the estimate, the standard deviation about the slope, and the t-test on the slope of the line

Calculation of the Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Subsampling Using a Programable Pocket Calculator

A program is described in this paper which requires the input of each piece of data only once, and the input of row by column totals once. The calculator computes means and totals for each cell within the rows and columns, as well as means for each row and column. The program also computes the complete ANOVA, the F-tests for all four possible models, and the coefficient of variation. An unlimited number of subsamples and rows and up to ten columns can be handled by this program, which was written for the Hewlett-Packard 97 programmable “pocket” calculator. The two-way ANOVA subsampling tests the homogeneity of row means and column means and tests for the existence of an interaction between rows and columns

The Agricultural Research System of the Philippines: A Reconnaissance Report

Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Abundance of Cereal Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Their Predators in Spring Wheat-Alfalfa Intercrops Under Different Crop Management Intensities

Natural infestations of cereal aphids and abundance of their predators were compared from 1990 through 1993 among plots of intercropped spring wheat and alfalfa grown under high, intermediate, or low crop management intensity (CMI). CMI treatments differed in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied and herbicide used and in the rigor of tillage operations. Cereal aphids (primarily Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, and Schizaphis graminum) collectively infested a mean of 0 to 5.9 of 15 wheat tillers sam­pled per plot on various dates from 1990 through 1993, but aphid infestation did not vary by CM!. Seven taxa of aphid predators predominated: Nabis spp., Chrysoperla spp., Coleomegilla maculata, Hippodamia convergens, H. tredecimpunctata tibialis, H. parenthesis, and Coccinella septempunctata. Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni, a species in decline in eastern South Dakota, was not collected. Nabids were generally the most abundant predatory taxon. In 1992, coccinellid adults were more abundant in high than low CMI plots. In 1993, H. tredecimpunctata tibialis adults were significantly more abundant in high CMI plots on the first three sampling dates but became more abundant in the low and intermediate CMI plots by the fifth sampling date. Regressions between the number of aphid-infested tillers and abundance of some predator taxa were significant in 1990, 1991, and 1992. In 1990, most regressions showed that counts of predators (except Chrysoperla spp. adults) were inversely proportional to aphid infestation levels, whereas significant regressions in 1991 and 1992 showed that the abundances of predators were weakly proportional to aphid infestation levels. Adjusted r2 values for all significant regressions ranged from 0.07 to 0.27. Relationships between crop management, cereal aphid infestation, and aphidophagous predators are discussed

Validation of smartphone step count algorithm used in STARFISH smartphone application

BACKGROUND: Smartphone sensors are underutilised in rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To validate the step count algorithm used in the STARFISH smartphone application. METHODS: Twenty-two healthy adults (8 male, 14 female) walked on a treadmill for 5 minutes at 0.44, 0.67, 0.90 and 1.33 m⋅s-1 . Each wore an activPAL TM and four Samsung Galaxy S3TM smartphones, with the STARFISH application running, in: 1) a belt carrycase, 2) a trouser or skirt pocket), 3a) a handbag on shoulder for females or 3b) shirt pocket for males and 4) an upper arm strap. Step counts of the STARFISH application and the activPALTM were compared at corresponding speeds and Bland-Altman statistics used to assess level of agreement (LOA). RESULTS: The LOA between the STARFISH application and activPALTM varied across the four speeds and positions, but improved as speed increased. The LOA ranged from 105–177% at 0.44 m⋅s-1; 50–98% at 0.67 m⋅s-1; 19–67% at 0.9 m⋅s-1 and 8–53% at 1.33 m⋅s-1. The best LOAs were at 1.33 m⋅s-1 in the shirt pocket (8%) and upper arm strap (12%) positions. CONCLUSIONS: Step counts measured by the STARFISH smartphone application are valid in most body positions especially at walking speeds of 0.9 m⋅s-1 and above

Abundance of Cereal Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Their Predators in Spring Wheat-Alfalfa Intercrops Under Different Crop Management Intensities

Natural infestations of cereal aphids and abundance of their predators were compared from 1990 through 1993 among plots of intercropped spring wheat and alfalfa grown under high, intermediate, or low crop management intensity (CMI). CMI treatments differed in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied and herbicide used and in the rigor of tillage operations. Cereal aphids (primarily Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, and Schizaphis graminum) collectively infested a mean of 0 to 5.9 of 15 wheat tillers sam­pled per plot on various dates from 1990 through 1993, but aphid infestation did not vary by CM!. Seven taxa of aphid predators predominated: Nabis spp., Chrysoperla spp., Coleomegilla maculata, Hippodamia convergens, H. tredecimpunctata tibialis, H. parenthesis, and Coccinella septempunctata. Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni, a species in decline in eastern South Dakota, was not collected. Nabids were generally the most abundant predatory taxon. In 1992, coccinellid adults were more abundant in high than low CMI plots. In 1993, H. tredecimpunctata tibialis adults were significantly more abundant in high CMI plots on the first three sampling dates but became more abundant in the low and intermediate CMI plots by the fifth sampling date. Regressions between the number of aphid-infested tillers and abundance of some predator taxa were significant in 1990, 1991, and 1992. In 1990, most regressions showed that counts of predators (except Chrysoperla spp. adults) were inversely proportional to aphid infestation levels, whereas significant regressions in 1991 and 1992 showed that the abundances of predators were weakly proportional to aphid infestation levels. Adjusted r2 values for all significant regressions ranged from 0.07 to 0.27. Relationships between crop management, cereal aphid infestation, and aphidophagous predators are discussed

COSTEP: A comprehensive suprathermal and energetic particle analyzer for SOHO

The group of instruments involved in the COSTEP (comprehensive suprathermal and energetic particle analyzer) project are described. Three sensors, the LION (low energy ion and electron) instrument, the MEICA (medium energy ion composition analyzer) and the EPHIN (electron proton helium instrument) are described. They are designed to analyze particle emissions from the sun over a wide range of species (electrons through iron) and energies (60 KeV/particle to 500 MeV/nucleon). The data collected is used in studying solar and space plasma physics