Assosition of diabetes and hypertension with the incidence of chronic kidney disease: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

زمینه و هدف: بیماری مزمن کلیوی اختلالی شایع است که با افزایش خطر بیماری های قلبی- عروقی، نارسایی کلیه و بروز عوارض دیگر همراه است. پیر شدن جمعیت و رشد شیوع جهانی دیابت و فشار خون بالا باعث افزایش شیوع بیماری مزمن کلیوی در سراسر جهان شده است. در این مطالعه ما به بررسی خطر دیابت، فشار خون بالا و برهمکنش آن ها بر بروز بیماری مزمن کلیوی پرداختیم. روش بررسی: این مطالعه یک مطالعه ثانویه بر داده های مطالعه قند و لیپید تهران است. در این مطالعه یک جمعیت 7342 نفری20 سال و بالاتر (8/46 مرد) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. ابتدا شرکت کنندگان به 4 گروه تقسیم شدند: گروه اول: شامل افراد بدون دیابت و بدون فشار خون بالا، گروه دوم: افراد دارای دیابت و بدون فشار خون بالا، گروه سوم: افراد بدون دیابت و دارای فشار خون بالا و گروه چهارم: افراد دارای هر دو عامل دیابت و فشار خون بالا بودند. سپس با استفاده از مدل رگرسیونی چند متغیره کاکس نسبت مخاطره هر گروه نسبت به گروه اول و با تعدیل متغیرهای سن، میزان پالایش گلومرولی، تحصیلات، وضعیت سیگار کشیدن، کلسترول سرم، تری گلیسیرید سرم، HDL سرم، نمایه توده بدنی و نمره گرایش محاسبه شد. یافته ها: در مردان گروه دوم، دیابت (بدون فشار خون بالا) با نسبت مخاطره (69/2-39/1)94/1 و در مردان گروه سوم فشار خون بالا (بدون دیابت) با نسبت مخاطره (96/1-27/1)58/1 هر دو عامل خطر بیماری مزمن کلیوی بودند. به همین ترتیب در زنان نیز نسبت مخاطره دیابت و فشار خون بالا به ترتیب (51/1-93/0)18/1 و (47/1-05/1)24/1 بود. همچنین در مردان و زنان دیابت با فشار خون بالا برهمکنش معنی داری در بروز بیماری مزمن کلیوی نداشتند. نتیجه گیری: یافته های این مطالعه نشان می دهد که فشار خون بالا بدون توجه به حضور یا عدم حضور دیابت در هر دو جنس یک عامل خطر مستقل در بروز بیماری مزمن کلیوی می باشد

Trend of cigarette smoking in Iranian adult population from 2000 to 2011 based on four national surveys

Background: Tobacco smoking has been a major health concern for many years. People's awareness of the potential health hazards and government policies might change its pattern and prevalence of use. In order to monitor its conversion, determining the overall pattern of tobacco use and trend analyses would be crucial, which were aimed in the present study. Methods: Patterns of smoking in four national surveys conducted in years 2000, 2005, 2007, and 2011 with 33300, 89337, 5287, and 8837 participants, respectively, were assessed. Current status of cigarette, pipe and water-pipe smoking, the number of cigarettes used per day, and the age of smoking initiation were major parameters. After weighting based on province, residential area, gender, and age group, trend analysis was done through complex samples general linear model using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. The values in the first survey (2000) were considered as reference points and categories. Results: While current cigarette smoking prevalence has been decreased (13.5% in 2000 to 11.3% in 2011) P<0.001, the average of pack-years increased. There was no significant decline in the mean age of initiation. It is also true for the prevalence of pipe and water-pipe smoking, which showed no noticeable difference compared to 2000. Conclusion: According to our findings it seems that health policy makers should focus more on designing programs targeting water-pipe consumption and also pay attention to the trends among subgroups for tailoring policies and scheme implementation

A Study on the Modified Form of Riemann-Type Fractional Inequalities via Convex Functions and Related Applications

In this article, we provide constraints for the sum by employing a generalized modified form of fractional integrals of Riemann-type via convex functions. The mean fractional inequalities for functions with convex absolute value derivatives are discovered. Hermite–Hadamard-type fractional inequalities for a symmetric convex function are explored. These results are achieved using a fresh and innovative methodology for the modified form of generalized fractional integrals. Some applications for the results explored in the paper are briefly reviewed.The sixth author is grateful to the Spanish Government and the European Commission for its support through grant RTI2018-094336-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and to the Basque Government for its support through grants IT1207-19 and IT1555-22

Non-Pharmacologic Interventions in COVID-19 Pandemic Management; a Systematic Review

Introduction: Different countries throughout the world have adopted non-pharmacologic interventions to reduce and control SARS - CoV-2. In this systematic approach, the impact of non-pharmacologic interventions in management of COVID-19 pandemic was assessed. Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, systematic search was carried out on the basis of a search strategy on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and WHO databases on COVID-19. The impact of travel ban, personal protective equipment, distancing, contact tracing, school closure, and social distancing and the combined effect of interventions on COVID-19 were assessed. Results: Of the 14,857 articles found, 44 were relevant. Studies in different countries have shown that various non-pharmacological interventions have been used during the COVID-19 pandemic. The travel ban, either locally or internationally in most of the countries, movement restriction, social distancing, lockdown, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), quarantine, school closure, work place closure, and contact tracing had a significant impact on the reduction of mortality or morbidity of COVID-19. Conclusion: Evidence shows that the implementation of non-pharmacologic interventions (NPIs), for example, social distancing, quarantine, and personal protective equipment’s are generally effective and the best way to prevent or reduce transmission. However, this study suggests that the effectiveness of any NPI alone is probably limited, thus, a combination of various actions, for example, social distancing, isolation, and quarantine, distancing in the workplace and use of personal protective equipment, is more effective in reducing COVID-19

Children’s and adolescents’ rising animal-source food intakes in 1990–2018 were impacted by age, region, parental education and urbanicity

Animal-source foods (ASF) provide nutrition for children and adolescents’ physical and cognitive development. Here, we use data from the Global Dietary Database and Bayesian hierarchical models to quantify global, regional and national ASF intakes between 1990 and 2018 by age group across 185 countries, representing 93% of the world’s child population. Mean ASF intake was 1.9 servings per day, representing 16% of children consuming at least three daily servings. Intake was similar between boys and girls, but higher among urban children with educated parents. Consumption varied by age from 0.6 at <1 year to 2.5 servings per day at 15–19 years. Between 1990 and 2018, mean ASF intake increased by 0.5 servings per week, with increases in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. In 2018, total ASF consumption was highest in Russia, Brazil, Mexico and Turkey, and lowest in Uganda, India, Kenya and Bangladesh. These findings can inform policy to address malnutrition through targeted ASF consumption programmes.publishedVersio

Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries

The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8–14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8–71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0–27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3–27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3–23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.4–87.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.1–83.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.1–60.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally.publishedVersio

Estimating Pose from Pressure Data for Smart Beds with Deep Image-based Pose Estimators

In-bed pose estimation has shown value in fields such as hospital patient monitoring, sleep studies, and smart homes. In this paper, we explore different strategies for detecting body pose from highly ambiguous pressure data, with the aid of pre-existing pose estimators. We examine the performance of pre-trained pose estimators by using them either directly or by re-training them on two pressure datasets. We also explore other strategies utilizing a learnable pre-processing domain adaptation step, which transforms the vague pressure maps to a representation closer to the expected input space of common purpose pose estimation modules. Accordingly, we used a fully convolutional network with multiple scales to provide the pose-specific characteristics of the pressure maps to the pre-trained pose estimation module. Our complete analysis of different approaches shows that the combination of learnable pre-processing module along with re-training pre-existing image-based pose estimators on the pressure data is able to overcome issues such as highly vague pressure points to achieve very high pose estimation accuracy.Comment: The version of record of this article, first published in Applied Intelligence, is available online at Publisher's website https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-021-02418-y. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1908.0891

Provenance evolution of Oligocene–Pliocene foreland deposits in the Dezful embayment to constrain Central Zagros exhumation history

This paper presents a detailed provenance analysis of the 6.5-km thick Oligocene–Pliocene foreland succession in the north Dezful embayment in Zagros, Iran. Using petrography, geochemistry, and paleoflow analysis, we determined three provenance shifts during the exhumation of Zagros orogen. Above the Ahwaz sandstones, sourced from the Arabian craton, a sharp decrease in SiO2/Al2O3, Zr/Sc, Th/Sc, Th/Co and Th/Cr within the Gachsaran Fm., and the appearance of first-cycle sands derived from metamorphic and volcanic rocks at the base of Aghajari Fm., characterize the onset of exhumation, rising topography and denudation of the Zagros orogenic system during latest Oligocene and constitute the first shift. The second shift, in middle Aghajari Fm., is marked by a distinct increase in radiolarian cherts and compatible/incompatible elements, indicating the exhumation of Neo-Tethyan radiolarite-ophiolite allochthonous slices in the High Zagros Zone during Tortonian (∼9 Ma). A vast number of carbonates derived from nearby growing Izeh Zone anticlines characterize the Messinian (∼7 Ma) Bakhtyari conglomerates marking the third shift. In conclusion, a detailed hands-on provenance analysis of the clastic sedimentary sequences in the north Dezful embayment enabled us to determine catchment areas and shifts hitherto unstudied thus contributing to the exhumation history of the Central Zagros orogenic system.This study was financially supported by the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (grant numbers G2017IASBS52752 and G2017IASBS12670) and by projects ALPIMED (PIE-CSIC-201530E082) and SUBTETIS (PIE-CSIC- 201830E039).Peer reviewe