Exploiting hyperspectral and multispectral images in the detection of tree species: A review

Classification of tree species provides important data in forest monitoring, sustainable forest management and planning. The recent developments in Multi Spectral (MS) and Hyper Spectral (HS) Imaging sensors in remote sensing have made the detection of tree species easier and accurate. With this systematic review study, it is aimed to understand the contribution of using the Multi Spectral and Hyper Spectral Imaging data in the detection of tree species while highlighting recent advances in the field and emphasizing important directions together with new possibilities for future inquiries. In this review, researchers and decision makers will be informed in two different subjects: First one is about the processing steps of exploiting Multi Spectral and HS images and the second one is about determining the advantages of exploiting Multi Spectral and Hyper Spectral images in the application area of detecting tree species. In this way exploiting satellite data will be facilitated. This will also provide an economical gain for using commercial Multi Spectral and Hyper Spectral Imaging data. Moreover, it should be also kept in mind that, as the number of spectral tags that will be obtained from each tree type are different, both the processing method and the classification method will change accordingly. This review, studies were grouped according to the data exploited (only Hyper Spectral images, only Multi Spectral images and their combinations), type of tree monitored and the processing method used. Then, the contribution of the image data used in the study was evaluated according to the accuracy of classification, the suitable type of tree and the classification method

Nutritional Relationship with Acne Vulgaris

Acne is a long-standing inflammation of the hair-oil gland structure. Although the causes of acne are not fully known, there is a relationship between acne and nutrition. Because the diet can change the amount and content of sebum secretion in the skin. Objective: The purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of nutrients and nutrients (milk and dairy products, green tea, dietary glycemic load glycemic index, fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamin A and zinc) on the course of acne vulgaris. Consumption of milk, contributes to the formation of acne. The use of polyphenol extracts obtained from green tea in the treatment of acne reduced the the number of acne. A diet with low glycemic index-glycemic load has been found to cause a significant reduction in acne severity. Inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids leads to inadequate sebum production in the skin. Serum malondialdehyde and serum glutathione peroxidase levels were reported to be lower in individuals with acne complaints. Low A vitamin levels may be a risk factor for acne and acne lesions. It is also stated that serum zinc levels of individuals with acne complaints are significantly lower. Conclusion: Milk restriction for people with acne complaints, consumption of green tea, low glycemic indexglycemic diet can be recommended. It may also be advisable to pay attention to the fat content of foods and the intake level of essential fatty acids. The use of vitamins A and E with vitamins A and B may show therapeutic supportive effects

ORGANİK MADDE KONSANTRASYONUNUN TRİHALOMETAN (THM) BİLEŞİKLERİNİN OLUŞUMUNA ETKİSİ

Chlorine is widely used disinfectant and reacts with natural organic matter (NOM) in waters to form disinfection by‐products (DBPs). Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the most common DBPs and potentially hazardous to environment and human health. In this study, water sample was obtained from Altinapa Dam, which has been used for the domestic and industrial water supply purposes in Konya. Dissolved organic matters in the dam water sample were isolated using a reverse osmosis membrane. The isolate was diluted with distilled water to adjust the different organic matter concentrations. Formation and speciation of four THM compounds were determined at different organic matter concentrations. The range of total THMs concentrations are 58‐108 μg/L and chloroform (CF) is 63‐89 % of total THMs. Increasing organic matter concentrations increase THMs concentrationsKlor en yaygın olarak kullanılan dezenfektandır ve sulardaki doğal organik maddeler (DOM) ile reaksiyona girerek dezenfeksiyon yan ürünlerini (DYÜ) oluşturmaktadır. DYÜ’lerin en yaygın iki türü trihalometan (THM) ve haloasetik asit (HAA) bileşikleri insan ve çevre sağlığı açısından oldukça sakıncalıdır. Bu çalışmada Konya’da evsel ve endüstriyel su temininde ihtiyacı karşılayan Altınapa Barajı’ndan alınan su örneği, ters osmoz membran sisteminden geçirilerek mevcut çözünmüş organik maddelerin izole edilmesi sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen izolattan belirli seyreltmeler yapılarak farklı organik madde konsantrasyonlarında 4 farklı THM bileşiğinin oluşumu ve türlerin dağılımı belirlenmiştir. Farklı organik madde konsantrasyonlarında elde edilen toplam THM miktarı 58‐108 μg/L aralığındadır ve toplam  THM  içerisinde  kloroform  (CF)  %  63‐89’luk  kısmı  oluşturmaktadır.  Organik  madde konsantrasyonun artırılması ile THM bileşiklerinin konsantrasyonlarının arttığı tespit edilmiştir. 

TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR MICROPOLLUTANT REMOVAL IN WASTEWATER

Present of micropollutants in aquatic environments has become an alarming environmental problem for both living creatures and environment. Micropollutants, also called as emerging contaminants arise from natural substances and increasing variety of anthropogenic events. Micropollutants consist of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, steroid hormones, industrial chemicals, pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and other recently seen compounds. These emerging contaminants are commonly found in very low concentration in different water bodies ranging from a few ng/L to several μg/L.     Many existing Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in all over the world are not especially designed for removing micropollutants. Low concentration and diversity of micropollutants complicate the dedection and analysis procedures during the treatment processes. Furthermore, entering micropollutants to the WWTPs continuously and stable structure of many micropollutants make difficult to eliminate these emerging compounds sufficiently. Therefore, many micropollutants of unknown concentration pass to aquatic environment from WWTPs. The occurence of micropollutants with a significant levels in aquatic environments disrupt the aquatic ecosystems with a number of adverse effects including short-term and long-term toxicity such as endocrine disrupting effects. Besides the known negative effects of micropollutants there are great number of micropollutants whose effects on living organisms are still unknown. As a result, removing these compounds is of a great importance both to protect environmental ecosystem and human health. Considering that the conventional methods are insufficient for removing the micropollutants other alternative treatment methods including coagulation–flocculation, activated carbon adsorption (powdered activated carbon and granular activated carbon), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), membrane processes and membrane bioreactor can be applied for better removal.In this study, alternative treatments methods and removal efficiencies of each treatment methods on different micropollutants were investigated and all alternative treatment methods were compared between each other in terms of micropollutant removal rates

Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Hyperprolactinemia in Children and Adolescents: National Survey

Conclusion: We present the largest cohort of children and adolescents with hyperprolactinemia in the literature to date. Hyperprolactinemia is more common in females and cabergoline is highly effective and practical to use in adolescents, due to its biweekly dosing. Indications for surgery in pediatric cases need to be revised

Performance of natural zeolite and sepiolite in the removal of free cyanide and copper-complexed cyanide ([Cu(CN)3]2-)

The chemical and biological methods employed to date in the removal of free cyanide (CN) and metal-cyanide complexes from aqueous fluids have proved expensive and problematic. A simpler and more economical approach was attempted in the present study using zeolite and sepiolite. The effectiveness of zeolite from Manisa-Gördes (Turkey) and of sepiolite Eskişehir-Sivrihisar (Turkey) at removing free and Cu-complexed cyanide, [Cu(CN)] was investigated. For removal of CN, the system performance was examined in terms of concentration, particle size, and retention time. Material with smaller particle sizes (<0.106 mm) performed better, particularly in the case of sepiolite. The maximum CN removal capacities of zeolite and sepiolite were calculated as 571 and 695 meq/100 g for free CN adsorption, and 455 and 435 meq/100 g for Cu-complexed CN adsorption, respectively. The time to reach equilibrium was calculated as 1050 min. Acid activation, a simple cation adsorption removal method, did not improve the process, instead leading to reduced CN adsorption. Hydroxylated surfaces of metal oxides at the edges of zeolite develop charges and exchange with anions in water. Mg ions located at the edges of the octahedral sheet can create complexes with CN anions. Moreover, hydrogen bonding with anions (CN in this case) and H of zeolitic water bonded to coordinated water molecules can also create complexes. These two complexes are considered to be effective mechanisms for sepiolite. The effects of both acid activation and CN adsorption were clearly observed in the Fourier-transform infrared spectra. Removal of CN was characterized by the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer coverage with chemical bonding to the surface, which deteriorated during acid activation. The study indicated that zeolite and sepiolite can be used efficiently and easily for removal of free and Cu-complexed CN

Designing Approach of Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composite by Combination of Fibrillated Olive Pomace and Marble Powder

Abstract The development of effective methods to utilize industrial and agricultural wastes is crucial from the perspective of a circular economy. Marble powder and olive pomace (OP), byproducts of olive oil production and marble processing, are considered one of the major sources causing severe environmental pollution, especially in Mediterranean countries. Herein, marble powder and OP are aimed to use as fillers in polypropylene (PP)‐based polymer composite. In addition, fractionated OP is further fibrillated by a combination of mechanical grinding and ionic liquid treatment to enhance its performance as a reinforcement. After treatment for 24 h, the particle size decreases from about 2.1 to 1.1 µm, and the lignocellulosic composition also varies due to the partial removal of hemicellulose. Finally, the compounding ratio of polymer composites consisting of PP, marble powder, fibrillated OP, and compatibilizer is optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve both high mechanical properties and high filler contents. Mechanical properties of polymer composite fabricated with optimum ratio are in excellent agreement with those predicted by RSM. Furthermore, the yield strength and Young's modulus of polymer composite are 33.9 MPa and 1.89 GPa, accordingly, which are higher than those of PP

A pioneering study on the recovery of valuable functional compounds from olive pomace by using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction: Comparison of perlite addition and drying

In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction was applied to the mixture of two-phase olive pomace (OP) with perlite and to the dried OP in order to prevent the environmental hazards that may arise from the leachate. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and electrical conductivity (EC) of the leaching black water were detected as 131200 ± 21024 mg/L and 12300 ± 500 µS/cm, respectively, leading to toxicity. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined in the raw OP and in the extracts as 8.9 ± 3.6 mg GAE/g and 2–14 mg GAE/g, respectively. Antioxidant capacity increased from 715 µM TE in the raw OP to 11000 µM TE in the extracts. The maximum extraction yield and TPC recovery values were obtained as 5.7 % and 3 %, respectively. Promising results were obtained on the recovery of phenolic substances and fatty acids (FAs). Main groups of the valuable compounds such as secoiridoids, flavonoids and phenolic alcohols were detected in the pomace as 400, 290 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, while their concentrations increased up to 16430, 7370 and 3280 mg/kg in the extracts