Monitoring of tectonic movements of southern part of the Tuz Gölü fault zone (TGFZ) with gnss observations

Günümüzde aktif fayların yakın alanlarına kurulan deformasyon ağlarının GNSS tekniği ile izlenmesi sonucunda depreme ait zamanı belirlemek mümkün olmasa da faylar üzerinde biriken gerilmeler yardımıyla muhtemel deprem konumları tahmin edilebilmektedir. Orta Anadolu Neotektonik Bölgesini, Konya-Eskişehir ve Kayseri-Sivas Neotektonik Bölgeleri olmak üzere iki alt neotektonik bölgeye ayıran bir geçiş zonu olan yaklaşık 220 km uzunluğundaki Tuz Gölü Fay Zonu (TGFZ)’nun kırılması durumunda büyüklüğü (M) yaklaşık 6-7 olan bir depreme sebep olabileceği bilinmektedir. Fay zonunun bu potansiyeli dikkate alınarak, bulunduğu alanda meydana gelen deformasyonların hesaplanması amacıyla Tuz Gölü Fay Zonu’nun Güney Kesiminde doğu-batı yönlü profil şeklinde 24 adet nirengi tesisi kurulmuştur. Oluşturulan ağda 2018-2019 yıllarında 3 periyot GNSS ölçüsü yapılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar GAMIT/GLOBK yazılım takımı ile değerlendirilerek bölgenin güncel hız haritası elde edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada, Tuz Gölü Fay Zonu Güney kesiminde Avrasya referans sistemi sabit olmak üzere yıllık 10 ile 35 mm arasında batı ve kuzey batı yönünde bir hareket belirlenmiştir. Noktalara ait standart sapma değerleri 2-6 mm arasında değişmektedir. İlerleyen yıllarda yapılan yeni kampanya ölçüleri ile birlikte standart sapma değerlerinin azalacağı düşünülmektedir.Although the time of the earthquake could not be clearly determined but possible earthquake locations and the stresses on the faults can predicted through monitoring the deformation networks with GNSS technique established around the earthquake producing faults. Tuz Gölü Fault Zone (TGFZ) is approximately 220 km long, which is a transition zone separating the Central Anatolian Neotectonic Zone, Kayseri-Sivas and Konya-Eskişehir Neotectonic Regions as two sub-neotectonic zones, it is known that the TGFZ, may cause an earthquake with a magnitude (M) of approximately 6-7 in case of breaking. Considering this potential of the fault zone, in order to calculate the deformations occurring in the area 24 reference points were constructed in the form of an east-west profile of the southeastern part of the TGFZ. In this network established, 3 periods of GNSS observations between 2018-2019 were measured. GAMIT/GLOBK software was used to process the collected GNSS observations and determine recent velocity fields of the region. In the study, between 10 and 35 mm annually movement was determined in the west and north west direction relative to the Eurasia reference system in the southern part of the TGFZ. The standard deviation of the points varies between 2-6 mm. It is thought that standard deviation values will decrease with the new campaign measurements made in the following years

Investigation of Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis in Samples Collected from Different Spring Waters Iğdır, Türkiye

Objective:In this study, it was aimed to investigate the physical and chemical properties of different spring waters and parasitic factors with different methods.Methods:This study was carried out on 69 water samples collected from different spring waters in and around Iğdır Province in April and June 2021. The samples were analyzed by native-Lugol, modified acid-fast staining, and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). In addition, altitude (meter) and pressure (mmHg) measurements were made at the point where the water samples were taken.Results:One or more parasites were detected in 27.5% of the 69 water samples examined. Only C. cayetanensis was found in 13% of the samples, only Cryptosporidium spp. in 10.1%, only Giardia spp. in 1.4%, only C. cayetanensis and Giardia spp. in 1.4%, only C. cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. in 1.4%. Only Giardia spp. cyst (4.3%) was detected by the direct examination method. While C. cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in 8.7% and 7.2% of the samples by the modified acid-fast staining method, C. cayetanensis was detected in 15.9% and Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 11.6% of the samples by nPCR. When the C. cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium spp. positivity rates were compared according to the characteristics of the water, there was no statistical difference between the altitude, salinity, pH, mmHg, and temperature (kelvin) values, but a significant correlation was found between the amount of dissolved oxygen and Cryptosporidium spp. positivity (p=0.047).Conclusion:Cryptosporidium spp., C. cayetanensis, and G. intestinalis are important waterborne pathogens that can cause epidemics. It is our belief that in order to reduce the risk of contamination of these parasitic factors with spring waters, public awareness should be raised, infrastructures should be improved, and new water treatment techniques, such as ultraviolet, ozonation and monitoring systems, should be used

Spatial Dynamics of Forest Cover and Land Use Changes in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan

The current study deals with the mapping and evaluation of forest and land use cover changes in the western Himalayas, Pakistan. These forest types include i) Moist temperate forests ii) Mixed coniferous forests and iii) Sub-tropical broad leaved forests. Moist temperate forest mostly consists of evergreen conifers with some of oaks and deciduous trees. Subtropical pine forest are mostly dominated by Pinus roxburghii. These forest type are mostly mixed by Pinus roxburghii and other coniferous species like Pinus wallichiana at the upper ranges in Dewal, Angoori, Nambal, Aucha and Khanitak etc. The broad-leaved subtropical forests are recorded on the hills and in the lower slopes of Himalaya near Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The high quantity of vegetation index were observed in winter season as compared to summer. The Landsat satellite images of years 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018 were classified into land-cover units. Vegetation land decreased in the total area whereas the bare land class increased in the total. Water class further reduced and the built- up class increased up in the Murree area, Pakistan

Evaluation of serum prolactin le-vels in children with febrile and afebrile convulsions

Bu çalışmada, konvülziyon geçiren çocuklarda serum prolaktin düzeyine bakarak epileptik durumları nonepileptik durumlardan ayırt etmede bu ölçütü kullanıp kullanamayacağımızı değerlendirmek istedik. Gereç ve yöntem: Haydarpaşa Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Kliniği’ne febril ve afebril konvülziyon geçirerek getirilen 2 yıllık süreçteki toplam 51 olgu analiz edildi. Febril konvülziyon geçiren 8 erkek, 9 kız yaşları 32,8+- 22,9 ay olan toplam 17 çocuk grup 1’i oluşturdu. Grup 2 de ise ortalama yaş 76,4+- 48,4 ay olan 20 erkek, 14 kız toplam 34 çocuktan oluştu. Grup 3 ise 24 erkek, 26 kız poliklini ğimize konvülziyon dışı yakınmayla başvuran toplam 50 çocuktan oluşan kontrol grubuydu. Olgularda konvülziyon sonrası 1. saatte, 2. saatte ve 24. saatte venöz kan alınarak serum prolaktin düzeyi bakıldı. Bulgular: Serum prolaktin birinci saat değerleri afebril grupta (grup 2), febril gruba (grup 1) göre anlamlı yüksek bulundu. Serum prolaktininin postkonvulzif 24. saat değeri açısından 3 grup karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmedi. Sonuç: Çalışmamız afebril konvülziyonda birinci saatte bakılan prolaktin düzeyinin anlamlı yüksekliği bize epileptik nöbetlerin nonepileptik durumlardan ayrımında, EEG monitorizasyonu zor ula- şılabilir bir yöntem olduğu için, bu yöntemi kullanabileceğimizi göstermektedir.In this study, we wanted to evaluate if we can use the serum prolactin levels as a marker in differential diagnosis epileptic syndromes and non epileptic ones. Materials and methods We analyzed totally 51 children during two years who were admitted to our clinic by having experienced febrile or afebrile convulsions. Group 1 included 8 male and 9 female totally 17 children whose mean ages were 32.8+/- 22.9 months and had febrile convulsions. Group 2 had 20 males and 14 females 76.4 +/- 48.4 months aged totally 34 children who had experienced afebrile convulsions. Group 3 included 24 males 26 females who had no neurologic symptoms or convulsions but taken to our clinic by other symptomatologies. Blood samples of cases were evaluated in the first hour, in the second and 24.hour of post convulsive follow-up. Results: We found that serum prolactin levels were significantly higher in the afebril convulsive group (group 2) than in the febrile convulsive group (group1). Serum prolactin levels of post convulsive 24.hour determination revealed no statistically difference between the three groups. Conclusion: In this study, we concluded that, we can use serum prolactin levels in the first hour of post convulsive follow-up for differential diagnosis of epileptic syndromes and non epileptic ones, since EEG monitorization is a hardly performed evaluation

Protective Effects of Ramelteon on Acute Lung Injury in Endotoxin-Induced Sepsis in Rats

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is a life-threatening excessive systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome to infection that usually occurs in patients with bacteremia. The respiratory system is one of the structures most affected by acute organ damage. Melatonin plays an important role in regulating various physiological functions of the body, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Ramelteon (RAME) is the first melatonin receptor agonist confirmed for clinical use. The goal of this study is to determine the effects of RAME on endotoxin-induced septic lung injury in rats. METHODS: Thirty-two female rats were separated randomly into four groups (n=8). Group healthy received intraperitoneal normal saline, group sepsis received intraperitoneally 10 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), group sepsis+RAME2 received 10 mg/kg LPS plus 2mg/kg RAME, and group sepsis+RAME4 received 10 mg/kg LPS plus 4mg/kg RAME. RAME was administered by oral gavage 1 hour before LPS administration. The lung tissues were collected 12 hours after LPS administration and investigated molecularly (qRT-PCR analyses of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, nuclear factor kappa-β, and interleukin 1-beta mRNA expression) and histopathologically (staining with Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin Y). RESULTS: TNF-α, NF-κβ, and IL-1β levels significantly decreased dose-dependent in the septic rats following RAME administration. RAME administration ameliorated histopathological injury in lung tissues due to sepsis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: RAME ameliorated the inflammatory response in endotoxin-induced sepsis. These findings suggest that RAME can be a promising agent by contributing to alternative preventive treatment methods for sepsis with its anti-inflammatory effect

The Effect of Lactic Acid Based Propolis Addition on The Shelf Life of Fresh Strawberry Juice

Anthocyanins, carotenoids, vitamins, flavonoids, aroma volatiles, and phenolics are among the natural antioxidants and other bioactive phytochemicals found in strawberries. Strawberry and strawberry juice is a perishable fruit, and as a result of the loss of antioxidants during storage, its health advantages to humans are diminished. It is now frequently used as strawberry fruit juice. The technique employed in juice processing, as well as the chemicals utilized, may have a negative impact on the nutritional content of the product. In this study, propolis extraction, lactic acid-based propolis extract was added to strawberry juice at varied rates (%0, %0,4, %0,7 ve %1), which has a high solvent effect and is not detrimental to health. The preservation effect of propolis emulsion on strawberry juice was tested in this study for up to 14 days. Strawberry juice was added with lactic acid-based propolis extract, which is non-toxic to humans, at various rates (%0, %0.4, %0.7 and %1). In the samples obtained, pH, total viable, mold-yeast, color, total phenolic substance and sensory analyzes performed. At the end of storage, the lowest pH value was measured as 2.20 in the sample with 1% propolis extract. The mold and yeast levels ranged from 4.867.36 log cfu/mL in the samples. As the concentration of propolis added to the strawberry juice increased, it was determined that the number of mold yeasts in the samples decreased. The sample with 0.7% propolis extract had the lowest total number of organisms on the 14th day of storage, with 2.90 log cfu/mL. It was determined that as the ratio of propolis extract added to strawberry juices increased, there was a decrease in the total number of viable samples. The phenolic content of strawberry juices was determined between 512.85 GAE mg kg(-1) and 2896.19 GAE mg kg-1, and it was determined that the total phenolic content increased as the ratio of propolis extract added to the strawberry juices increased (p<0.05). Strawberry juice with 0,7% propolis solution is prefered as optimum. Propolis can be utilized as a natural preservative in strawberry juice or other fruit juices instead of chemical preservatives, according to the findings

Sociodemographic characteristics and diagnoses of individuals referred to a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic of a university hospital

AMAÇ: Çalışmamızda çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrisi polikliniğine başvuran olguların sosyodemografik özelliklerinin, geliş şikayetlerinin ve aldıkları tanılarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEMLER: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi polikliniğine 01 Şubat-31 Temmuz 2014 tarihleri arasında başvuran olguların dosya verileri geriye dönük olarak incelenmiştir. BULGULAR: Çocuk psikiyatrisi polikliniğine altı aylık zaman diliminde başvuran toplam 832 olgunun %41,8’i kız, %58,2’si erkekti. Kızların ve erkeklerin yaş ortalaması sırasıyla 10,8±4,9 ve 8,5±4,7 iken, en sık başvuru 12-18 yaş aralığında idi. Olguların annesi ve babası birlikte olanlar %81,1 iken, yetiştirme yurdundan gelenler %0,8 oranındaydı. Akraba evliliği oranı %13,7 olarak saptandı. Anne ve baba eğitim seviyesi en sık ilkokul mezunu idi (sırası ile %47, %45,6). Annelerin %15,6’sında, babaların %7,6’sında psikiyatrik öykü mevcuttu. Polikliniğe başvuru nedenleri incelendiğinde %21,9’unun sağlık kurulu, %13,8’inin adli değerlendirme ve %11,2’sinin konsültasyon amaçlı başvurduğu, kalan %52,9 olgunun genel poliklinik değerlendirmesi için başvurduğu saptandı. Genel polikliniğe en sık sinirlilik (%15,7), dikkat eksikliği/hareketlilik (%14,8), konuşmada gecikme (%10,5), korkular/kaygılar (%5,9) ve ders başarısızlığı (%5,7) şikayetleri ile başvuruların yapıldığı belirlendi. Hastaların aldıkları tanılar ise en sık olarak dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) (%20,6), diğer yıkıcı davranış bozuklukları (%12,4) ve anksiyete bozukluğu (%10,2) olarak saptandı. SONUÇ: Çalışmamızda en sık başvuru şikayetinin sinirlilik, en sık alınan tanının ise DEHB olması bu alanda yapılan diğer çalışmalarla benzer niteliktedir. Sonuçlarımıza göre, çocuk psikiyatrisine başvuran ailelerde ebeveynlerde düşük eğitim seviyesi ve yüksek psikiyatrik hastalık yükü mevcuttur. Bu veriler koruyucu ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin geliştirilmesi için risk faktörleri olarak değerlendirilebilir.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics, complaints, and diagnoses of individuals who were admitted to a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical charts of the patients who were admitted to the child and adolescent psychiatry unit of Adnan Menderes University between February 1st and July 31st, 2014 were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: The rate of girls and boys from a total of 832 cases who were referred to the child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic in the six month period was 41.8% and 58.2%, respectively. The mean age of the girls and boys was 10.8±4.9 and 8.5±4.7 years, respectively. The most common age range was between 12 and 18 years. The proportion of patients who lived with both parents was 81.1%; however, the proportion of individuals brought in by institutional caregivers was 0.8%. The proportion of consanguineous marriages was 13.7%. The education level of mothers and fathers was mostly a primary school degree (47% and 45.6%, respectively). A positive psychiatric history was present in 13.7% of the mothers and 7.6% of the fathers. Reasons for child psychiatric assessments were as follows: 21.9% for disability report, 13.8% for forensic evaluation, 11.2% for consultation, and 52.9% for general psychiatric evaluation. Referral complaints were irritability/anger (15.7%), attention deficit/hyperactivity (14.8%), delay in speech (10.5%), fear/anxiety (5.9%), and poor school performance (5.7%). The diagnoses were as follows: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (20.6%), other disruptive behaviors (12.4%), and anxiety disorder (10.2%). CONCLUSION: We revealed that the most common referring complaint was irritability/ anger and that the most common diagnosis was ADHD in our patient group, which was similar to previous studies. Our results showed that a low parental educational level and a positive history for parental psychopathology were common in child psychiatry referrals. These data may be considered as risk factors for developing protective mental health service

Intrapartum and Postpartum Reactivation of Hepatitis B in Pregnant Patients: a multicentre study

Introduction: Changes in the immune system during pregnancy have been associated with reactivation of the hepatitis B virus in women chronic hepatitis B infection not receiving antiviral therapy. The aim of this study is to examine the development of intrapartum and postpartum hepatitis B reactivation in pregnant patients not being treated for chronic hepatitis B. Material and Methods: Pregnant women diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B and not receiving treatment between 2017 and 2022 in five centres in the east and southeast Turkey included in this study. In order to evaluate biochemical and viral reactivation from intrapartum and postpartum periods, patients with data for at least two periods were included in the study. Results: Evaluations were made on 171 pregnant women diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B. Reactivation occurred in 43 (25.2%) patients, in the postpartum period in 14 (32.35%) and in the intrapartum period in 29 (67.44%). Reactivation occurred most often in the 3rd trimester (n: 13, 30.2%). A significant increase was observed in the alanine aminotransferase levels of the patients with reactivation in the first trimester compared to 6 months prepartum and in the second trimester compared to the first trimester (p=0.038, p=0.039, respectively). The prepartum HBV DNA level (cut-off point =192 IU/ml) of patients with HBeAg negativity was found to have diagnostic power for reactivation of 0.684 (95% CI: 0.575-0.792, p=0.002) with 65.9% sensitivity and 68.6% specificity. Viral reactivation was observed in the first trimester in one patient and hepatitis B surface antibody was seen in the postpartum period. Conclusions: Asymptomatic viral reactivation occurred at the high rate of 25.1% in this series. To be able to identify reactivation as early as possible, pregnant patients should be followed up closely in the intrapartum and postpartum periods

Geological evolution of a tectonic and climatic transition zone: the Beyşehir-Suğla basin, lake district of Turkey

Central-west Turkey is a transition zone both tectonically and climatically between the quite different central and western regions of Anatolia. Central Anatolia represents the seismically quiet part of the otherwise highly active Turkey. On the other hand, this region has some of the lowest precipitation and highest evaporation ratios of Turkey. Conversely, west Anatolia is one of the most rapidly extending regions of the world and seismically very active. The climate is very different from the central part of Turkey and more humid. The zone between these two regions is also known geologically as the Isparta Angle. This reverse-V-shaped fold and thrust belt has several lake basins today, which have archived the geological and geomorphological history of this tectonic and climatic transition zone. The Beyşehir-Suğla basin is located on the eastern part of this zone. This NW–SE trending basin includes the largest natural freshwater lake of the Mediterranean region: Lake Beyşehir. Lakes Beyşehir and Suğla are located in this tectonic depression that discharge into an incised river gorge opening to the Konya closed basin. In order to shed light on the development of the Beyşehir-Suğla basin, our study was mainly conducted within the Neogene and Quaternary units of the region. Our structural results indicate that the depression was probably formed by a transtensional regime in the middle Miocene, which is controlled by extensional tectonics since the early Quaternary. Also, the current depression has mainly embodied the structures that are the products of these tectonic phases. According to our sedimentary data and palaeoecological interpretation of available palaeontological data, the Beyşehir-Suğla basin was developed initially under a humid and warm climate in the middle Miocene; then since the late Miocene-Pliocene it was controlled by a relatively more arid and, at times, humid climate more like the central Anatolian basins. Although the Beyşehir-Suğla basin is hydrologically connected to the Konya closed basin in central Anatolia, it was protected from arid climatic conditions for over millions of years as evidenced by the lack of evaporites in the studied basin and surrounding basins located in the interior part of the Isparta Angle. While the regional climate seems to have changed consistently with the geomorphic response to large-scale tectonics (i.e. orographic barrier development), the Beyşehir-Suğla basin seems to be protected from hydrological closure by the existence of karstic features in the surrounding carbonate basement rocks