Influence of freeze-drying and γ-irradiation in preclinical studies of flurbiprofen polymeric nanoparticles for ocular delivery using d-(+)-trehalose and polyethylene glycol.

This study investigated the suspension of poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles as an ocular delivery system for flurbiprofen (FB-PεCL-NPs) in order to overcome the associated problems, such as stability, sterility, tolerance, and efficacy, with two different FB-PεCL-NP formulations. The formulations were stabilized with poloxamer 188 (1.66% and 3.5%) and submitted individually for freeze-drying and γ-irradiation with polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG3350) and d-(+)-trehalose (TRE). Both formulations satisfied criteria according to all physicochemical parameters required for ocular pharmaceuticals. The FB-PεCL-NP formulations showed non-Newtonian behavior and sustained drug release. Ex vivo permeation analysis using isolated ocular pig tissues suggested that the presence of PEG3350 results in a reduction of FB transcorneal permeation. Moreover, TRE improved the penetration of FB across the cornea, especially after γ-irradiation. In addition, both formulations did not show a significant affinity in increasing FB transscleral permeation. Both formulations were classified as nonirritating, safe products for ophthalmic administration according to hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane and Draize eye test. Furthermore, an in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy test showed that irradiated FB-PεCL-NPs prepared with PEG3350 (IR-NPsPEG) have longer anti-inflammatory effects than those presented with irradiated FB-PεCL-NPs prepared with TRE (IR-NPsTRE). IR-NPsPEG showed a suitable physical stability after an aqueous reconstitution over .30 days. This study concludes that both formulations meet the Goldman's criteria and demonstrate how irradiated nanoparticles, with innovative permeation characteristics, could be used as a feasible alternative to a flurbiprofen solution for ocular application in clinical trials

El diálogo de saberes como estrategia metodológica para la articulación de investigación y extensión: la experiencia del Programa Fals Borda en el IDAES

Es claro que las universidades públicas, especialmente en América Latina, tienen como función principal la educación y –dentro de lo posible– la investigación. Ahora bien, ¿qué entendemos por extensión cuando la consideramos otra de sus funciones sustanciales y qué implica su realización? ¿Se extiende qué, hacia quiénes, hacia dónde y por qué? Si nos remontamos a sus orígenes a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, esta noción surge como una política de acercamiento de las universidades hacia la sociedad que la circunda, como una forma de incluir en el mundo académico a aquellos que normalmente están excluidos de él. El “extensionismo” (que es el resultante movimiento humanista) buscaba democratizar la cultura, la ciencia y la tecnología que en su seno se producía y circulaba, para ponerla al servicio del “pueblo” (Jiménez Leyva, 2003). Estas ideas fundaron un tipo de política universitaria presente en gran parte de las universidades latinoamericanas, y cuestionada desde la década del 70.Fil: Gavazzo, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Espina, Rosario. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Arango, Catalina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; ArgentinaFil: González, Sabrina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Canuto, María Dolores. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; Argentin

Effects of a neuroscience-based instructional guide on college student learning

The article aims to demonstrate the impact of neuroscience as an instructional strategy on student learning. This was an experimental research with a pre-experimental design that used a sample of 60 students on the Mathematics 1.0 course of the first cycle of the Continental University in the Academic period II - 2021. Significant contrasts were found between the results obtained before and after the application of the designed instructional guide, since the T value obtained is related with a significance level lower than 0.01, confirming the research hypothesis. When evaluating the effect of the application of the instructional guide with neuroscience as a strategy, it is shown to favorably affect the learning of students of the Mathematics 1.0 course of the first cycle of the Continental University, strengthening the entire learning process so that these can become meaningful. Therefore, it is recommended to continue implementing the instructional guide in all higher education courses without being limited to a single course as in the present study, as well as continue researching on the subject with larger samples.Campus Lima Centr

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Early mobilisation in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a subanalysis of the ESICM-initiated UNITE-COVID observational study

Background Early mobilisation (EM) is an intervention that may improve the outcome of critically ill patients. There is limited data on EM in COVID-19 patients and its use during the first pandemic wave. Methods This is a pre-planned subanalysis of the ESICM UNITE-COVID, an international multicenter observational study involving critically ill COVID-19 patients in the ICU between February 15th and May 15th, 2020. We analysed variables associated with the initiation of EM (within 72 h of ICU admission) and explored the impact of EM on mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, as well as discharge location. Statistical analyses were done using (generalised) linear mixed-effect models and ANOVAs. Results Mobilisation data from 4190 patients from 280 ICUs in 45 countries were analysed. 1114 (26.6%) of these patients received mobilisation within 72 h after ICU admission; 3076 (73.4%) did not. In our analysis of factors associated with EM, mechanical ventilation at admission (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.25, 0.35; p = 0.001), higher age (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98, 1.00; p ≤ 0.001), pre-existing asthma (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73, 0.98; p = 0.028), and pre-existing kidney disease (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71, 0.99; p = 0.036) were negatively associated with the initiation of EM. EM was associated with a higher chance of being discharged home (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08, 1.58; p = 0.007) but was not associated with length of stay in ICU (adj. difference 0.91 days; 95% CI − 0.47, 1.37, p = 0.34) and hospital (adj. difference 1.4 days; 95% CI − 0.62, 2.35, p = 0.24) or mortality (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.7, 1.09, p = 0.24) when adjusted for covariates. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a quarter of COVID-19 patients received EM. There was no association found between EM in COVID-19 patients' ICU and hospital length of stay or mortality. However, EM in COVID-19 patients was associated with increased odds of being discharged home rather than to a care facility. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04836065 (retrospectively registered April 8th 2021)

Mapas y derechos. Experiencias y aprendizajes en América Latina

Interpelados por los Estados y las sociedades nacionales de las que hoy en día hacen parte, indígenas en toda América Latina han recurrido a la elaboración de mapas de sus propios territorios como forma de demostrar que, durante décadas y en algunos casos, durante siglos, las tierras y los territorios en los que viven actualmente hicieron y hacen parte de sus territorios tradicionales y que de ellos dependen para vivir. En el camino de un trabajo por principio intercultural y necesariamente colaborativo, han establecido alianzas con diferentes actores y colectivos, con quienes han venido interactuando, en un intenso proceso de ensayo y error, en el que las investigaciones sobre las culturas y las sociedades indígenas enriquecen y se enriquecen con las expectativas y demandas políticas indígenas. Así, los mapas devienen instantáneas de entrecruces y diálogos de saberes científicos y empíricos, resultado del diálogo entre los intereses académicos y las búsquedas de una justicia territorial, que en la práctica, en su ejercicio cotidiano, derriban o deberían derribar fronteras y jerarquías entre diferentes conocimientos y sensibilidades. Realizada en el marco del Foro Internacional "El Mapeo Participativo y los Derechos Territoriales de los Pueblos Indígenas" acogido por la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (nov. 2012), ésta publicación aborda algunos d los presupuestos ligados a los procesos de relevamiento cartográfico y en especial a su posibilidad en tanto herramienta para la defensa y ejercicio de los derechos territoriales. Los artículos reunidos en esta compilación recorren tres ejes en torno a: las diferentes perspectivas, técnicas y aprendizajes en torno a la cartografía social desde un enfoque metodológico; las experiencias de procesos de mapeo participativo llevadas a cabo en el marco de movilizaciones indígenas por la defensa de los derechos; y las lecciones y los aprendizajes que se derivan de la elaboración colectiva de mapas y la producción y circulación de saberes, oralidades y prácticas territoriales. Las experiencias presentadas en éste libro demuestran que los procesos colectivos de construcción de mapas comunitarios permiten la reflexión colectiva sobre territorios compartidos, abordajes innovadores de preocupaciones y amenazas comunes, así como la identificación y construcción de alternativas, iniciativas y proyectos de futuro.Fil: Salamanca Villamizar, Carlos. UBA/ CONICET, Argentina

Influence of freeze-drying and γ-irradiation in preclinical studies of flurbiprofen polymeric nanoparticles for ocular delivery using d-(+)-trehalose and polyethylene glycol.

This study investigated the suspension of poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles as an ocular delivery system for flurbiprofen (FB-PεCL-NPs) in order to overcome the associated problems, such as stability, sterility, tolerance, and efficacy, with two different FB-PεCL-NP formulations. The formulations were stabilized with poloxamer 188 (1.66% and 3.5%) and submitted individually for freeze-drying and γ-irradiation with polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG3350) and d-(+)-trehalose (TRE). Both formulations satisfied criteria according to all physicochemical parameters required for ocular pharmaceuticals. The FB-PεCL-NP formulations showed non-Newtonian behavior and sustained drug release. Ex vivo permeation analysis using isolated ocular pig tissues suggested that the presence of PEG3350 results in a reduction of FB transcorneal permeation. Moreover, TRE improved the penetration of FB across the cornea, especially after γ-irradiation. In addition, both formulations did not show a significant affinity in increasing FB transscleral permeation. Both formulations were classified as nonirritating, safe products for ophthalmic administration according to hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane and Draize eye test. Furthermore, an in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy test showed that irradiated FB-PεCL-NPs prepared with PEG3350 (IR-NPsPEG) have longer anti-inflammatory effects than those presented with irradiated FB-PεCL-NPs prepared with TRE (IR-NPsTRE). IR-NPsPEG showed a suitable physical stability after an aqueous reconstitution over .30 days. This study concludes that both formulations meet the Goldman's criteria and demonstrate how irradiated nanoparticles, with innovative permeation characteristics, could be used as a feasible alternative to a flurbiprofen solution for ocular application in clinical trials

Orientación y tutoría en la Educación Primaria : pautas e instrumentos para la planificación y el desarrollo

El grupo de trabajo de orientadores del CPR de Langreo elaboraron este documento guía con el fin de que sirva de apoyo a los planificadores de la educación para ello se han basado en el modelo de planificación de la gestión organizativa y curricular de Jesús Rull i Gargallo y del modelo de diseño curricular presentado por Martiniano Román Pérez. El documento consta de tres partes, proponiendo en la primera las decisiones a tomar en cada uno de los documentos institucionales en los que ha de plasmarse la planificación de la enseñanza, a medio y corto plazo (Proyecto Educativo, Reglamento de Regimen Interno, Proyecto Curricular, Programa de Orientación y Tutoría, Plan Anual, Memoria Evaluativa,...). En la segunda parte se presenta una propuesta de diseño curricular de etapa para la orientación y tutoría; y en la tercera parte instrumentos para la acción tutorial, partiendo de una guía de actividades para la acogida e integración del alumnado, ofreciendo pautas y propuestas para la organización y gestión de la clase y para facilitar la participación de las familias, así como modelos de registros e informes de seguimiento y evaluación, actividades para el fomento de hábitos y técnicas de estudio, registros de relaciones e instrumentos para la acción colectiva. Se utilizaron principios que tienen en cuenta al individuo, a las etapas en que deben realizarse los proyectos educativos, a los medios que garanticen que nadie esté en desventaja educativa, y tambien la manera en que aprendemos las personas, asumiendo los principios de los modelos actuales: conductista, cognitivo y ecológico-contextual.AsturiasES