New mechanisms by which physical exercise improves insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle

Insulin resistance of skeletal muscle glucose transport is a key-defect for the development of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. However, it is known that both an acute bout of exercise and chronic endurance exercise training can bring beneficial effects on insulin action in insulin-resistant states. However, little is currently known about the molecular effects of acute exercise on muscle insulin signaling in the post-exercise state in insulin-resistant organisms. This review provides new insight into the mechanism through which acute exercise restores insulin sensitivity, highlighting an important role for inflammatory proteins and S-nitrosation in the regulation of insulin signaling proteins in skeletal muscle.O prejuízo no transporte de glicose estimulada por insulina no músculo constitui um defeito crucial para o estabelecimento da intolerância à glicose e do diabetes tipo 2. Por outro lado, é notório o conhecimento de que tanto o exercício aeróbio agudo quanto o crônico podem ter efeitos benéficos na ação da insulina em estados de resistência à insulina. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos moleculares pós-exercício sobre a sinalização da insulina no músculo esquelético. Assim, esta revisãoapresenta novos entendimentos sobre os mecanismos por meio dos quais o exercício agudo restaura a sensibilidade à insulina, com destaque ao importante papel que proteínas inflamatórias e a S-nitrosação possuem sobre a regulação de proteínas da via de sinalização da insulina no músculo esquelético.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Faculdade de Educação Física, modalidade Saúde Departamento de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Departamento de Clínica MédicaUniversidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do ExercícioUNIFESP, Faculdade de Educação Física, modalidade Saúde Depto. de BiociênciasSciEL

New mechanisms by which physical exercise improves insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle

Insulin resistance of skeletal muscle glucose transport is a key-defect for the development of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. However, it is known that both an acute bout of exercise and chronic endurance exercise training can bring beneficial effects on insulin action in insulin-resistant states. However, little is currently known about the molecular effects of acute exercise on muscle insulin signaling in the post-exercise state in insulin-resistant organisms. This review provides new insight into the mechanism through which acute exercise restores insulin sensitivity, highlighting an important role for inflammatory proteins and S-nitrosation in the regulation of insulin signaling proteins in skeletal muscle.O prejuízo no transporte de glicose estimulada por insulina no músculo constitui um defeito crucial para o estabelecimento da intolerância à glicose e do diabetes tipo 2. Por outro lado, é notório o conhecimento de que tanto o exercício aeróbio agudo quanto o crônico podem ter efeitos benéficos na ação da insulina em estados de resistência à insulina. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos moleculares pós-exercício sobre a sinalização da insulina no músculo esquelético. Assim, esta revisãoapresenta novos entendimentos sobre os mecanismos por meio dos quais o exercício agudo restaura a sensibilidade à insulina, com destaque ao importante papel que proteínas inflamatórias e a S-nitrosação possuem sobre a regulação de proteínas da via de sinalização da insulina no músculo esquelético.39940

Fragilidades das alegações terapêuticas e omissão das informações de rotulagem dos suplementos de alho comercializados no Brasil / Fragilities of therapeutic claims and omission of labeling information for garlic supplements commercialized in Brazil

As preparações de alho apresentam destaque científico na dislipidemia e hipertensão. Avaliar informações de rotulagem e alegações anti-hipertensiva e hipolipemiante dos suplementos de alho comercializados no Brasil. Foi rastreada as formulações de alho registradas na Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Os sítios eletrônicos comerciais e o serviço de atendimento ao consumidor dos produtos selecionados foram utilizados na extração das informações de interesse: composição, desodorização, dosagem, preço e alegações que associadas ao tratamento da hipertensão e dislipidemia. Para avaliação de informações de rótulos foram utilizadas resoluções e instruções normativas de suplementos alimentares. 68 formulações de alho foram incluídas na pesquisa, com prevalência do óleo de alho. Além disso, apenas 10 suplementos são desodorizados e as alegações anti-hipertensivas e hipolipemiante foram encontradas em 42 sítios eletrônicos. Grandes variações de dosagem, preço, recomendação diária e sugestão de uso foram identificadas. Na análise da composição, o óleo de soja e a alicina foram os principais constituintes do óleo de alho, porém a omissão desses ingredientes foi frequente nessa formulação. Outras omissões também foram destacadas, como público específico, rotulagem complementar e designações expressas. O presente estudo destaca a disponibilidade do óleo de alho no mercado brasileiro. No entanto, essa categoria de alho não apresenta evidências científicas suficientes para ser considerado como produto com efetividade terapêutica no tratamento da hipertensão e dislipidemia. Além disso, a omissão de informações evidenciadas em nossos resultados pode comprometer a segurança e a adesão, pois reações adversas podem ser causadas pela elevada ingestão de compostos organossulfurados

The potential of pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) in the treatment of obese and glucose-intolerant mice

Obesity is a pandemic condition, absolutely out of control. Food assistance is among the main proposals for the management of the disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of aqueous pomegranate extract in a model of obesity, glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet. The pomegranate extract was obtained from the association of green extraction techniques. Through the crude extract containing punicalagin and ellagic acid (main compounds), extracts with isolated fractions of these compounds were obtained. For the experimental study, Swiss mice were subjected to the obesity induction period for eight weeks. After, were treated for another 30 days with crude extract of 250 mg/kg (group HF+[1]EXT); punicalagin extract isolated 8.35 mg/kg (HF+Punica group); isolated extract of ellagic acid 0.208 mg/kg (group HF+EA), via gavage. Both the crude extract and its subfractions reduced the body weight gain for the HF+Punica group (1.1 g); HF+EA (0.92 g) compared to HF, while the HF+EXT showed significant weight loss (P<0.001). In the glycemic parameters, all extracts were able to reduce blood glucose when compared to the group with HF. Histological data of liver tissue showed improvement in hepatic steatosis, mainly in the crude extract group. Therefore, it was possible to demonstrate that the aqueous extract of the pomegranate peel, obtained by innovative extraction techniques, can be a potential strategy for the treatment and control of obesity

The potential of pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) in the treatment of obese and glucose-intolerant mice

Obesity is a pandemic condition, absolutely out of control. Food assistance is among the main proposals for the management of the disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of aqueous pomegranate extract in a model of obesity, glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet. The pomegranate extract was obtained from the association of green extraction techniques. Through the crude extract containing punicalagin and ellagic acid (main compounds), extracts with isolated fractions of these compounds were obtained. For the experimental study, Swiss mice were subjected to the obesity induction period for eight weeks. After, were treated for another 30 days with crude extract of 250 mg/kg (group HF+[1]EXT); punicalagin extract isolated 8.35 mg/kg (HF+Punica group); isolated extract of ellagic acid 0.208 mg/kg (group HF+EA), via gavage. Both the crude extract and its subfractions reduced the body weight gain for the HF+Punica group (1.1 g); HF+EA (0.92 g) compared to HF, while the HF+EXT showed significant weight loss (P<0.001). In the glycemic parameters, all extracts were able to reduce blood glucose when compared to the group with HF. Histological data of liver tissue showed improvement in hepatic steatosis, mainly in the crude extract group. Therefore, it was possible to demonstrate that the aqueous extract of the pomegranate peel, obtained by innovative extraction techniques, can be a potential strategy for the treatment and control of obesity.   [1] abbreviations:EXT – extract, EA- acid ellagic, PUNICA – punicalagin

Mecanismos moleculares de indução de obesidade e resistência à insulina em animais destreinados submetidos a uma dieta rica em lipídes.

The termination of exercise training (detraining) results in rapid fat accretion, weight gain and insulin resistance in both humans and rats. There is evident relationship between physical inactivity and insulin resistance. Different mechanisms may be involved in insulin resistance in this animal model. The aim of this study was to investigate the PI3-kinase/Akt and CAP/Cbl signaling pathways both involved with insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in white adipose tissue in detrained and sedentary animals submitted a high-fat diet. Wistar rats were submitted to swimming training during 8 weeks. Next this period the animals stop the training and received a rich-fat diet. The proteins from the insulin signaling pathway were analyzed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. The results demonstrated that detraining result in an increased body mass and rapid body fat accretion. This fact was associated with increases insulin responsiveness in adipose tissue through IRS/PI3-Kinase/Akt pathway in detrained rats fed with a rich-fat diet. In addition, the CAP/Cbl pathway in adipose tissue was more insulin responsives in the detrained animals feeding with a rich-fat diet than S-DHL animals. In conclusion, the cessation of exercise is accompanied by increased body mass and rapid fat accretion and this aspect to have relation at least in part to increased insulin responsiveness in adipose tissue through CAP/Cbl pathway.A cessação do treinamento físico (destreinamento) resulta em rápido acréscimo da massa adiposa, ganho de peso e resistência à insulina tanto em humanos quanto em animais. No entanto, os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos nesse processo permanecem desconhecidos. Diferentes proteínas intracelulares podem estar envolvidas no processo de aquisição de ganho de peso e diminuição na ação da insulina nesse modelo animal. Este estudo teve como objetivos investigar as vias PI 3-quinase/Akt e CAP/Cbl, ambas importantes na captação ou utilização de glicose estimulada por insulina no tecido muscular adiposo branco. Utilizou-se, ratos Wistar que foram submetidos a um protocolo de exercício de natação por 8 semanas. Posteriormente os animais foram destreinados e nesse mesmo período de cessamento do programa de exercício foi oferecida aos ratos uma dieta rica em lipídes. Para análise das proteínas de interesse, foi realizado o método de imunoblot e imunoprecipitação. Verifica-se, através dos resultados obtidos, que animais destreinados tem um ganho de peso e de gordura epididimal mais acentuado comparado a animais sedentários. Esse fato foi associado a uma maior responsividade à insulina no tecido adiposo através da via IRS/PI 3-quinase/Akt dos animais destreinados submetidos à dieta rica em lipídes. Além disso, verifica-se, que a via CAP/Cbl encontra-se mais responsiva à insulina no tecido adiposo de animais destreinados em relação aos outros grupos experimentais. Conclui-se, que o destreinamento físico é acompanhado por um rápido período de ganho de peso e de massa adiposa e essas adaptações deve-se no mínimo em parte pela maior responsividade à insulina da via CAP/Cbl em tecido adiposo branco

Position statement on nutrition therapy for overweight and obesity: nutrition department of the Brazilian association for the study of obesity and metabolic syndrome: ABESO 2022

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Obesity is a chronic disease resulting from multifactorial causes mainly related to lifestyle (sedentary lifestyle, inadequate eating habits) and to other conditions such as genetic, hereditary, psychological, cultural, and ethnic factors. The weight loss process is slow and complex, and involves lifestyle changes with an emphasis on nutritional therapy, physical activity practice, psychological interventions, and pharmacological or surgical treatment. Because the management of obesity is a long-term process, it is essential that the nutritional treatment contributes to the maintenance of the individual's global health. The main diet-related causes associated with excess weight are the high consumption of ultraprocessed foods, which are high in fats, sugars, and have high energy density; increased portion sizes; and low intake of fruits, vegetables, and grains. In addition, some situations negatively interfere with the weight loss process, such as fad diets that involve the belief in superfoods, the use of teas and phytotherapics, or even the avoidance of certain food groups, as has currently been the case for foods that are sources of carbohydrates. Individuals with obesity are often exposed to fad diets and, on a recurring basis, adhere to proposals with promises of quick solutions, which are not supported by the scientific literature. The adoption of a dietary pattern combining foods such as grains, lean meats, low-fat dairy, fruits, and vegetables, associated with an energy deficit, is the nutritional treatment recommended by the main international guidelines. Moreover, an emphasis on behavioral aspects including motivational interviewing and the encouragement for the individual to develop skills will contribute to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Therefore, this Position Statement was prepared based on the analysis of the main randomized controlled studies and meta-analyses that tested different nutrition interventions for weight loss. Topics in the frontier of knowledge such as gut microbiota, inflammation, and nutritional genomics, as well as the processes involved in weight regain, were included in this document. This Position Statement was prepared by the Nutrition Department of the Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), with the collaboration of dietitians from research and clinical fields with an emphasis on strategies for weight loss.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Lipid profile of rats fed hyperlipidemic diet based on soy oil, flaxseed, peanuts, trout or chicken skin

A doença arterial coronariana é a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil e no mundo. É uma doença multifatorial e a sua prevenção depende da identificação e controle, não só das dislipidemias, mas do conjunto dos fatores de risco. Alimentos ricos em ácidos graxos saturados (AGS) têm sido associados à maior deposição de colesterol nas artérias, por outro lado, os ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGM) e polinsaturados (AGP) parecem exercer efeito benéfico quanto ao perfil lipídico plasmático de animais, protegendo-os das doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o perfil lipídico de ratos submetidos à dieta hipercolesterolemiante, acrescida de semente de linhaça ou de truta como fontes de AGP, de amendoim, como fonte de AGM ou de pele de frango, como fonte de AGS. Ratos machos Wistar adultos foram distribuídos em 6 grupos (n=10), onde o primeiro recebeu uma dieta controle (normocolesterolemiante), o segundo, uma dieta hipercolesterolemiante, acrescida de 1% de colesterol, 10% de óleo de soja e 5% de banha animal, e outros quatro grupos com dieta hipercolesterolemiante semelhante à anterior, porém com 10% de lipídios na forma de truta, linhaça, amendoim ou pele de frango. Os animais foram mantidos em suas dietas, em ambiente controlado, por 28 dias. Após o sacrifício dos animais, foram colhidas amostras de sangue, fígado, fezes e dos tecidos adiposos visceral e sub-cutâneo. Os teores de colesterol hepático e de ácidos graxos dos tecidos adiposos foram determinados por cromatografia gasosa. Ao contrário do esperado, o nível de colesterol sérico total do grupo normocolesterolêmico (93,57mg/dL + 14,95) foi superior (p0,05). Os animais do grupo do amendoim apresentaram menor ganho de peso em relação aos dos outros tratamentos. Observou-se deposição de lipídios e de colesterol no parênquima hepático dos grupos com dieta hipercolesterolemiante. A deposição de ácidos graxos nos tecidos adiposos acompanhou o perfil lipídico de cada alimento, qual seja, maior teor de ácidos graxos ômega-3 no grupo da linhaça, altos teores de AGM no grupo do amendoim e da pele de frango e altos teores de ômega-6 na truta. Os dados obtidos apontam a linhaça como alimento promissor no controle das hiperlipidemias.Coronary atherosclerotic desease is the major cause of mortality in Brazil and in the world. This is a multifactorial disease and its prevention depends on the identification and control of all the risk factors, including the dislipidemias. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) rich foods are associated with a higher deposition of cholesterol on the arterial wall. On the other hand, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) seem to exert a beneficial effect on the animal lipid profile, protecting them against cardiovascular diseases. The present work aimed to evaluate the lipid profile of rats fed hypercholesterolemic diets added by flaxseed or trout, as sorces of PUFA; peanut as source of MUFA and chicken skin, as source of SFA. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n=10). One of them received control diet (Normocholesterolemic); another one received a hypercholesterolemic diet added by 1% cholesterol, 10% soy oil and 5% lard; and the other four groups received similar hypercholesterolemic diets, but added by 10% lipid as trout, flaxseed, peanut or chicken skin. The animals were kept in a temperature controled room for 28 days. Blood, liver, feces and adipose tissue samples were collected after the animals being sacrificed. Liver cholesterol and adipose tissue fatty acid were analized by gas chromatography. An unexpected higher (p0.05). Animals fed peanut diet showed lower body weight gain than the other treatments. No atherosclerotic lesion was observed on the aortic arterial wall, nevertherless, there was a high lipid and cholesterol deposition in the liver of the animals fed hypercholesterolemic diets. Lipid adipose tissue deposition followed the same dietary fatty acid profile, i.e., high levels of Omega-3 PUFA in the flexseed group, high levels of MUFA in the peanut and chicken skin groups and high levels of Omega-6 PUFA in the trout group. These data indicate that flaxsees is a promissor food for hyperlipidemia control.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio