Population-based multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain): rationale and study design

Introduction: We present the protocol of a large population-based case-control study of 5 common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain) that evaluates environmental exposures and genetic factors. Methods: Between 2008-2013, 10,183 persons aged 20-85 years were enrolled in 23 hospitals and primary care centres in 12 Spanish provinces including 1,115 cases of a new diagnosis of prostate cancer, 1,750 of breast cancer, 2,171 of colorectal cancer, 492 of gastro-oesophageal cancer, 554 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 4,101 population-based controls matched by frequency to cases by age, sex and region of residence. Participation rates ranged from 57% (stomach cancer) to 87% (CLL cases) and from 30% to 77% in controls. Participants completed a face-to-face computerized interview on sociodemographic factors, environmental exposures, occupation, medication, lifestyle, and personal and family medical history. In addition, participants completed a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire and telephone interviews. Blood samples were collected from 76% of participants while saliva samples were collected in CLL cases and participants refusing blood extractions. Clinical information was recorded for cases and paraffin blocks and/or fresh tumor samples are available in most collaborating hospitals. Genotyping was done through an exome array enriched with genetic markers in specific pathways. Multiple analyses are planned to assess the association of environmental, personal and genetic risk factors for each tumor and to identify pleiotropic effects. Discussion: This study, conducted within the Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), is a unique initiative to evaluate etiological factors for common cancers and will promote cancer research and prevention in Spain.The study was partially funded by the “Accion Transversal del Cancer”, approved on the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER (PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PS09/00773, PS09/01286, PS09/01903, PS09/02078, PS09/01662, PI11/01403, PI11/01889, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150), by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API 10/09), by the ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL, by the Junta de Castilla y León (LE22A10-2), by the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (PI-0571), by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (AP 061/10), by the Recercaixa (2010ACUP 00310), by the Regional Government of the Basque Country by European Commission grants FOOD-CT- 2006-036224-HIWATE, by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation, by the The Catalan Government DURSI grant 2009SGR1489

Las ideas médicas sobre la epidemia de gripa de 1918 en Bogotá

El presente artículo busca analizar cómo los médicos bogotanos entendieron la gripa como entidad patológica a comienzos del siglo XX. Para ello se examinan algunos de los recursos cognitivos que los galenos utilizaron para abordar y atender la epidemia de 1918 en la ciudad de Bogotá. En este abordaje, se puede vislumbrar cómo la epidemia de gripa se tornó en un fenómeno social de enorme complejidad y cómo su definición médica se forjó en un campo de debate enmarcado por los grandes cambios paradigmáticos que vivió la medicina de finales del siglo XIX. El texto explora algunos de los conceptos centrales que sirvieron de sustento para la comprensión etiopatológica de la gripa, presenta una descripción del saber clínico que se tenía acerca de la enfermedad y se detiene, de manera especial, en el debate que suscitó la identificación de un microorganismo específico como agente causal de la gripa

Implementando un registro poblacional de enfermedades raras en España: la experiencia de Navarra

RESUMEN En 2012 se consolidó la Red Española de Registros de Enfermedades Raras para la Investigación (Spain-RDR) con el objetivo de crear un Registro poblacional español de Enfermedades Raras. Para conseguirlo, cada Comunidad Autónoma tenía que desarrollar su propio registro autonómico con una metodología común consensuada. El Registro Poblacional de Enfermedades Raras de Navarra se creó en 2013 y, desde entonces, se está desarrollando su implementación. Navarra asumió el listado consensuado dentro de la Red, que incluye 934 códigos de la 9ª revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (modificación clínica). Inicialmente, la principal fuente de información utilizada para la captación de casos fue el Registro de Morbilidad Asistida de Navarra, que recoge el Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos de las altas hospitalarias (de centros públicos y privados) de la Comunidad Foral. Posteriormente se fueron añadiendo nuevas fuentes de información y desarrollando continuos estudios de validación de los casos captados. Los registros poblacionales de enfermedades raras son fundamentales para el estudio y cuantificación de este tipo de enfermedades ya que los sistemas de clasificación y codificación utilizados en los actuales sistemas de información sanitaria son muy inespecíficos. El análisis y cruce de datos entre múltiples fuentes es esencial para maximizar la capacidad de detección de casos. Al tratarse de enfermedades muy poco prevalentes, una tasa alta de falsos positivos entre los casos detectados afecta en gran medida la estimación de indicadores epidemiológicos, lo que hace necesario validar los casos verificando los diagnósticos.ABSTRACT In 2012, the Spanish Rare Disease Registries Research Network (Spain-RDR) was consolidated with the aim of creating a Spanish population-based Rare Diseases Registry. In order to achieve this, each of the 17 Spanish Regions had to develop its own regional registry with a common agreed methodology. The Population-based Rare Disease Registry of Navarre was created in 2013 and, since then, its implementation is been carried out. Navarre assumed the agreed list within the Spanish Network, which included 934 codes of the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification. Initially, the main data source used to capture cases was the Assisted Morbidity Registry of Navarre, which includes the Minimum Basic Data Set of every regional hospital discharges (both public and private). Afterwards, new data sources were been added and ongoing validation studies of captured cases were been developed. Population-based rare diseases registries are fundamental for the study and quantification of this type of diseases since the classification and coding systems used in the current healthcare information systems are very nonspecific. The analysis and cross-referencing of data among multiple data sources is essential to maximize case detection capacity. Due to the low prevalence of these diseases, a high false positives rate among the detected cases greatly affects the estimation of epidemiological indicators, which makes it necessary to validate the cases by verifying the diagnoses