Management Waste in The Public Service Area of The Southern Konawe Hospital

Waste from such hospital activity is likely to result in pathogenic microorganisms and toxic chemicals that cause infection and may spread to hospital environments due to inadequate health care techniques, errors in the treatment of contaminated materials and equipment, and the provision and maintenance of sanitary facilities still not good, can cause the occurrence of transmission of diseases originating from waste and declining aesthetic value. Therefore, to improve the quality of hospital services, the need for proper waste management and in accordance with established procedures. This study aims to analyze the waste management in the Regional Public Service Agency of South Konawe District Hospital.The type of this research is quantitative descriptive research. population in this research is all officer in charge of managing waste from start of room until to final disposal which amounted to 25 people. In this study using population research because the subject amounted to 25 people. The analysis used in this study uses descriptive analysis.The results show that the problem that exists on the input aspect is the head of the sanitation installation is not a minimal Diploma Kesling. But the Nutrition Diploma. Officers sent for training are only ambulance coordinator and IPRS Coordinator while management staff never participate in specific training. In the input aspect, the budget for limba management is carried out efficiency so that there is still need from the unfulfilled waste management. In the process aspect, the problem related to the waste management process itself starts from the transportation process where the officers rarely use personal protective equipment, there is no special lane, the garbage is collected for several days to be burned, also the burning that is accommodated to wait for the third party to carry the transportation.Expected To the South Konawe Hospital, it is necessary to consider following the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1204 / MENKES / SK / X / 2004 on the head of the sanitation installation is a minimum of Diploma 3 Environmental Health Keywords : Hospital Waste Management, Input, Output; Proces

Efektifitas Citrus aurantifolia swingle dan Averrhoa bilimbi dalam Menurunkan Konsentrasi Timbal pada Kerang Kalandue (Polymesoda sp) dari Teluk Kendari

Berbagai penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa Teluk Kendari telah tercemar beraneka ragam logam berat, salah satunya adalah Pb. Perairan yang tercemar memberikan impact bagi kondisi lingkungan, terutama salah satu makanan yang diperoleh dari teluk kendari seperti Kerang kalandue (Polymesoda sp). Logam berat akan terkonsentrasi kedalam tubuh mahluk hidup dengan proses bioakumulasi dan biomagnifikasi dan dapat membahayakan kesehatan manusia yang mengkonsumsinya. Penelitian untuk mengetahui efektifitas perendaman Citrus aurantifolia swingle dan Averrhoa bilimbi dalam menurunkan konsentrasi Pb pada Polymesoda sp.Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan Jenis penelitian Quasi Experimental dengan rancang bangun pre-test dan post-test. Analisis data secara deskriptif dan inferensial dengan uji Anova, Tukey dan T-Test.Hasil uji anova diketahui bahwa sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan terjadi penurunan kadar Pb Pada kerang kalandue berbeda secara signifikan perendaman Citrus aurantifolia swingle untuk Pb Fhit 103.589 > Ftab 2.80 konsentrasi 75%. dan waktu perendaman Fhit 83.475 > Ftab 2.80  diperoleh 15 menit. Perendaman Averrhoa bilimbi untuk Pb Fhit 69.573 >Ftab 2.80 konsentrasi 75% dan waktu perendaman Fhit 24.407>Ftab 2.80 diperoleh 25 menit. Hasil uji tukey rata –rata ada perbedaan konsentrasi dan waktu perendaman setelah perlakuan pada Polymesoda sp. Hasil Uji T test diketahui bahwa ada Perbedaan penurunan kadar Pb  pada Perendaman Citrus aurantifolia swingle dan Averrhoa bilimbi sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan pada Polymesoda sp dimana Thit 6.026 > Ftab 1.659 diperoleh Citrus aurantifolia swingle 4076 dan Averrhoa bilimbi 5414 rata-rata tidak sama. Diharapkan dengan penelitian ini dapat memberi informasi kepada masyarakat bahwa perasan Citrus aurantifolia swingle dan Averrhoa bilimbi memiliki fungsi selain untuk menambah cita rasa dan menghilangkan bau amis terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar logam berat Pb pada Polymesoda sp. Kata kunci : Citrus aurantifolia swingle, Averrhoa bilimbi, Timbal, Polymesoda s

Tunable magnetic exchange interactions in manganese-doped inverted core/shell ZnSe/CdSe nanocrystals

Magnetic doping of semiconductor nanostructures is actively pursued for applications in magnetic memory and spin-based electronics. Central to these efforts is a drive to control the interaction strength between carriers (electrons and holes) and the embedded magnetic atoms. In this respect, colloidal nanocrystal heterostructures provide great flexibility via growth-controlled `engineering' of electron and hole wavefunctions within individual nanocrystals. Here we demonstrate a widely tunable magnetic sp-d exchange interaction between electron-hole excitations (excitons) and paramagnetic manganese ions using `inverted' core-shell nanocrystals composed of Mn-doped ZnSe cores overcoated with undoped shells of narrower-gap CdSe. Magnetic circular dichroism studies reveal giant Zeeman spin splittings of the band-edge exciton that, surprisingly, are tunable in both magnitude and sign. Effective exciton g-factors are controllably tuned from -200 to +30 solely by increasing the CdSe shell thickness, demonstrating that strong quantum confinement and wavefunction engineering in heterostructured nanocrystal materials can be utilized to manipulate carrier-Mn wavefunction overlap and the sp-d exchange parameters themselves.Comment: To appear in Nature Materials; 18 pages, 4 figures + Supp. Inf

Functional diversity of marine ecosystems after the Late Permian mass extinction event

Article can be accessed from http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n3/full/ngeo2079.htmlThe Late Permian mass extinction event was the most severe such crisis of the past 500 million years and occurred during an episode of global warming. It is assumed to have had significant ecological impact, but its effects on marine ecosystem functioning are unknown and the patterns of marine recovery are debated. We analysed the fossil occurrences of all known Permian-Triassic benthic marine genera and assigned each to a functional group based on their inferred life habit. We show that despite the selective extinction of 62-74% of marine genera there was no significant loss of functional diversity at the global scale, and only one novel mode of life originated in the extinction aftermath. Early Triassic marine ecosystems were not as ecologically depauperate as widely assumed, which explains the absence of a Cambrian-style Triassic radiation in higher taxa. Functional diversity was, however, significantly reduced in particular regions and habitats, such as tropical reefs, and at these scales recovery varied spatially and temporally, probably driven by migration of surviving groups. Marine ecosystems did not return to their pre-extinction state, however, and radiation of previously subordinate groups such as motile, epifaunal grazers led to greater functional evenness by the Middle Triassic

Patent abdominal subcutaneous veins caused by congenital absence of the inferior vena cava: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Patent paraumbilical and abdominal subcutaneous veins are found frequently as collaterals in patients due to portal hypertension mainly in liver cirrhosis.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>For evaluation of portal hypertension in a 72-year-old Caucasian man without liver cirrhosis, magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium contrast-enhancement was performed and demonstrated a missing inferior vena cava. A blood return from the lower extremities was shown through enlarged collateral veins of the abdominal wall, vena azygos and hemiazygos continuation, and multiple liver veins emptying into the right cardiac atrium. We describe a rare case of abdominal subcutaneous wall veins as collaterals caused by a congenitally absent infrarenal inferior vena cava with preservation of a hypoplastic suprarenal segment.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Knowledge of these congenital variations can be of clinical importance and it is imperative for the reporting radiologist to identify these anomalies as they can have a significant impact on the clinical management of the patient.</p

Assessing Risk in Focal Arboviral Infections: Are We Missing the Big or Little Picture?

Focal arboviral infections affecting a subset of the overall population present an often overlooked set of challenges in the assessment and reporting of risk and the detection of spatial patterns. Our objective was to assess the variation in risk when using different at-risk populations and geographic scales for the calculation of incidence risk and the detection of geographic hot-spots of infection. We explored these variations using a pediatric arbovirus, La Crosse virus (LACV), as our model.Descriptive and cluster analyses were performed on probable and confirmed cases of LACV infections reported to the Tennessee Department of Health from 1997 to 2006, using three at-risk populations (the total population, the population 18 years and younger, and the population 15 years and younger) and at two geographic levels (county and census tract) to assess the variation in incidence risk and to investigate evidence of clustering using both global and local spatial statistics. We determined that the most appropriate at-risk population to calculate incidence risk and to assess the evidence of clustering was the population 15 years and younger. Based on our findings, the most appropriate geographical level to conduct spatial analyses and report incidence risk is the census tract level. The incidence risk in the population 15 years and younger at the county level ranged from 0 to 226.5 per 100,000 persons (median 41.5) in those counties reporting cases (n = 14) and at the census tract level it ranged from 50.9 to 673.9 per 100,000 persons (median 126.7) in those census tracts reporting cases (n = 51). To our knowledge, this is the highest reported incidence risk for this population at the county level for Tennessee and at the census tract level nationally.The results of this study indicate the possibility of missing disease clusters resulting from performing incidence risk investigations of focal diseases using inappropriate at-risk populations and/or at large geographic scales. Improved disease surveillance and health planning will result through the use of well defined at-risk populations and the use of appropriate geographic scales for the analysis and reporting of diseases. The finding of a high incidence risk of LACV infections in eastern Tennessee demonstrates that the vast majority of these infections continue to be under-diagnosed and/or underreported in this region. Persistent prevention and surveillance efforts will be required to reduce exposure to infectious vectors and to detect new cases of infection in this region. Application of this study's observations in future investigations will enhance the quantification of incidence risk and the identification of high-risk groups within the population

The Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Predictive for Populations at High-Risk for La Crosse Virus Infection in West Virginia

Although a large body of literature exists for the environmental risk factors for La Crosse virus (LACV) transmission, the demographic and socioeconomic risk factors for developing LACV infection have not been investigated. Therefore, this study investigated the demographic and socioeconomic risk factors for LACV infection in West Virginia from 2003 to 2007, using two forward stepwise discriminant analyses. The discriminant analyses were used to evaluate a number of demographic and socioeconomic factors for their ability to predict: 1) those census tracts with at least one reported case of LACV infection versus those census tracts with no reported cases of LACV infection and 2) to evaluate significantly high-risk clusters for LACV infection versus significantly low-risk clusters for LACV infection. In the first model, a high school education diploma or a general education diploma or less and a lower housing densit

Historical influence on the practice of chiropractic radiology: part II - thematic analysis on the opinions of diplomates of the American Chiropractic College of Radiology about the future

Background: Over the past 20 years, various authors have addressed the question of the future of chiropractic. Most were positive about the future, with some advocating evidence-based practice and integration with mainstream healthcare, some advocating continued separation with an emphasis on subluxation-based care or the traditional/historical paradigm of chiropractic, and some calling for tolerance and unity. No papers were found specifically inquiring about the future of chiropractic radiology. Methods: The study population consisted of all current members of the American Chiropractic College of Radiology (ACCR), estimated at 190 people, known as chiropractic radiologists or Diplomates of the American Chiropractic Board of Radiology (DACBRs). An internet-based, anonymous survey using SurveyMonkey was implemented, supplemented by hard copies distributed at a conference. The main point of interest for this paper is the final item of the overall questionnaire. This item inquired about the future of chiropractic radiology. Thematic analysis was used on the responses, coded in both constructionist and inductive ways to extract both a general outlook and more specific themes. The inductive themes were also assigned secondarily to a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. Results: The overall response rate to the survey was 38% (73/190); within the group of respondents, 71 of 73 (98%) answered the item that is the subject of this paper. Opinions on the outlook for chiropractic radiology in the future were more negative than positive, with 14 respondents giving a positive outlook, 26 negative, and 14 non-committal. 28 respondents advocated integration with the wider healthcare community, 11 recommended emphasising separateness or a focus on working within chiropractic, and 15 did not express an opinion on this issue. Ten strengths were noted, 11 weaknesses, 57 opportunities, and 30 threats. Conclusions: The increasing necessity of demonstrating evidence for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in healthcare makes it likely that chiropractic radiologists and the wider chiropractic profession will need to take a more active position on evidence-based practice. Re-evaluation of guidelines and legislation as well as enforcement policies and practices will be necessary. The consequences of failing to do so may include increased marginalisation and reduced viability as a profession

Search for sterile neutrino mixing in the MINOS long-baseline experiment

A search for depletion of the combined flux of active neutrino species over a 735 km baseline is reported using neutral-current interaction data recorded by the MINOS detectors in the NuMI neutrino beam. Such a depletion is not expected according to conventional interpretations of neutrino oscillation data involving the three known neutrino flavors. A depletion would be a signature of oscillations or decay to postulated noninteracting sterile neutrinos, scenarios not ruled out by existing data. From an exposure of 3.18×1020 protons on target in which neutrinos of energies between ~500¿¿MeV and 120 GeV are produced predominantly as ¿µ, the visible energy spectrum of candidate neutral-current reactions in the MINOS far detector is reconstructed. Comparison of this spectrum to that inferred from a similarly selected near-detector sample shows that of the portion of the ¿µ flux observed to disappear in charged-current interaction data, the fraction that could be converting to a sterile state is less than 52% at 90% confidence level (C.L.). The hypothesis that active neutrinos mix with a single sterile neutrino via oscillations is tested by fitting the data to various models. In the particular four-neutrino models considered, the mixing angles ¿24 and ¿34 are constrained to be less than 11° and 56° at 90% C.L., respectively. The possibility that active neutrinos may decay to sterile neutrinos is also investigated. Pure neutrino decay without oscillations is ruled out at 5.4 standard deviations. For the scenario in which active neutrinos decay into sterile states concurrently with neutrino oscillations, a lower limit is established for the neutrino decay lifetime t3/m3&gt;2.1×10-12¿¿s/eV at 90% C.L