Kemalizm, batılılaşma ve Türk solu

This article analyzes the question of how a left-Kemalist current in Turkey in the 1960s understood early Kemalist reform period, in particular, and Ottoman-Turkish modernization, in general. Leading figures of this current of thought advocated a Third Worldist, national developmentalist outlook; and Kemalism was an important key element of their understanding of socialism. They glorified the reform attempts of the early Republican era as a progressive, revolutionary transformation. They argued that Kemalist telos of reaching the level of contemporary Western civilization was in parallel with their understanding of national developmentalism. The common belief of the Turkish left in the 1960s was that an underdeveloped country could only develop by breaking all ties with the Western imperialism and adopting a development strategy composed of state ownership, heavy industrialization and central, compulsory and state-led planning. This strategy was thought to be in harmony with Kemalist vision of elevating Turkish nation to the level of Western civilization, and was seen as the only way that could elevate Turkey to a higher level of civilization. In short, in this article, a left-Kemalist account of the modernization history of the late Ottoman and the early Republican periods will be analyzed specifically by reference to the writings of Doğan Avcıoğlu and Niyazi Berkes.Bu çalıĢmada 1960‟lı yıllarda ortaya çıkmıĢ olan sol Kemalist bir akımın, özel olarak Kemalist reform dönemini ve daha genel olarak Osmanlı ve Türkiye modernleĢmesini nasıl anlamıĢ olduğu üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu düĢünce akımının önde gelen isimleri Üçüncü Dünyacı, ulusal kalkınmacı bir sosyalizm anlayıĢını savunmaktaydılar ve Kemalizm bu sosyalizm anlayıĢının oldukça önemli anahtar unsurlarından birini oluĢturmaktaydı. Aynı isimler erken Cumhuriyet döneminin reform giriĢimlerini ilerici ve devrimci bir dönüĢüm olarak övmekteydiler. Kemalist, Batılı muasır medeniyetler seviyesine ulaĢma hedefiyle, kendi ulusal kalkınmacılık anlayıĢları arasında bir paralellik olduğunu düĢünmekteydiler. Türk solunun 1960‟lardaki genel inancı, azgeliĢmiĢ bir ülkenin Batı emperyalizmi ile olan bağlarını tamamen kopararak, devlet mülkiyeti, ağır sanayileĢme, merkezi planlamayı içeren bir stratejiyi uygulayarak geliĢebileceği yönündeydi. Bu stratejinin, Kemalizm‟in Türk milletini Batı medeniyeti düzeyine ulaĢtırma hedefiyle uyumlu olduğu ve yalnızca bu stratejinin Türkiye‟yi muasır medeniyetler seviyesine ulaĢtırabileceği düĢünülmekteydi. Dolaysıyla, bu makalede, geç Osmanlı ve erken Cumhuriyet dönemlerinin modernleĢme tarihinin sol Kemalist bir açıklaması Doğan Avcıoğlu ve Niyazi Berkes‟in çalıĢmalarına referans verilerek ele alınmaya çalıĢılacaktır

Articulating socialism with nationalism : a critical analysis of nationalism in the Turkish leftist tradition in the 1960s

Ankara : The Department of Political Science, Bilkent University, 2010.Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Bilkent University, 2010.Includes bibliographical references.In this dissertation, it is argued that nationalism was one of the most important characteristics of the socialist movement in Turkey in the 1960s. When we look at the socialist movement in Turkey in this period, we encounter with the concept of nationalism, in other words, Turkish socialists’ deliberate attempt at articulating socialism with nationalism, presenting themselves as the real representatives of nationalism in Turkey. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the uneasy relationship between nationalism and the Turkish left in the 1960s in particular and between socialism and nationalism in general. The main issue of this study is to explore why and how the Turkish left of the sixties incorporated nationalism into its political discourses, strategies, and programs. One important concern of this study is to investigate the internal sources of the articulation of socialism with nationalism in Turkey. A ‘leftist’ variant of Kemalism, becoming a hegemonic discourse within the ranks of the Turkish left in the 1960s, played a very crucial role in the attempts of the leftist intellectuals of the period at accommodating nationalist principles within the idiom of socialism. Turkish left in the 1960s re-invented Kemalism as a progressive, anti-imperialist, anti-feudal and developmentalist outlook. This study, in this sense, argues that Kemalism (together with nationalism) as the founding ideology of the Republican regime has not just only been the basis of the mainstream political parties and movements, but can also be found, in certain forms and amounts, among the ranks of the different factions of socialist movement in Turkey. The sources of Turkish socialists’ engagement with nationalism cannot be fully grasped merely by reference to the Turkish context. Rather, it should be located within an international context and perspective. Turkish socialists were not alone in their efforts to reconcile nationalism with socialism. The history of the ideological and practical accommodation between socialism and nationalism from mid-19th century to the post-colonial era reflects a change from “socialization of the nation” to the “nationalization of socialism” and shows us how this relationship changed from hostility to affinity. Turkish socialists of the 1960s received an important part of their strategic and tactical inspirations from those international experiences. But, their main sources of inspiration were Stalinism and the Third Worldism of the post-colonial period. In this sense, this study analyzes Turkish left’s experience with nationalism also by reference to international experiences, with a special emphasis on the Third Worldist variant of the articulation of socialism with nationalism. The main primary sources of this study are the journals, papers, books, pamphlets, programs, regulations, congress reports and resolutions, election manifestos and other published documents, generated during the political activities of the main factions of the socialist movement in Turkey in the 1960s. These primary sources are evaluated within the general literature on nationalism, its Marxist interpretations, Third Worldism, economic nationalism, develomentalism, imperialism, dependency, and the concepts of imitation and uniqueness.Doğan, ErkanPh.D

Levy Uçuşları Yöntemi Kullanılarak Geliştirilen Yarasa Algoritması Optimizasyon Metodunun Performans İncelemesi

Konferans Bildirisi-- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Teorik ve Uygulamalı Mekanik Türk Milli Komitesi, 2017Conference Paper -- İstanbul Technical University, Theoretical and Applied Mechanical Turkish National Committee, 2017Bu çalışmada kıyaslama problemlerinin optimizasyonu için kullanılan yarasa algoritması sunulmuştur. Yarasa algoritması yarasaların sesle yer belirleme özelliğini temel alır. Yarasalar çok güçlü bir ses çıkartır ve bunun çevredeki eşyalardan geri gelen yankısını dinlerler. Bu şekilde avlarının uzaklığını ve pozisyonunu hatta çok küçük böceklerin hızlarını bile anlayabilirler. Literatürden alınan üç farklı minimizasyon problemi, tasarım örneği olarak seçilmiştir. Bu problemlerin yarasa algoritması kullanılarak optimum sonuçları elde edilmiştir. Optimizasyon sürecinde daha iyi sonuçlar elde edebilmek için Levy Flights eklentisi basit yarasa algoritmasına adapte edilmiştir. Ve kıyaslama için bu üç tasarım problemi ayrıca Levy Flights eklentili yarasa algoritması kullanılarak da çözülmüştür. Sonuçlar, yarasa algoritmasının tasarım problemlerinin optimum sonucunu bulmada başarılı olduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla beraber Levy Flights tekniğinin yarasa algoritmasına uyarlanması ile optimizasyonda basit yarasa algoritmasından daha iyi sonuçlara ulaşıldığı görülmektedir.This study presents a bat algorithm for optimizing benchmark problems. Bat algorithm is based on the echolocation capability of micro bats. Bats give out a very powerful sound and listen its echo from the around items. They can notice the distance and position of the target, and even moving speed of the target such as very small insects. Three different minimization problems taken from literature are selected as design examples. These problems are solved for the optimum solution by using bat algorithm. Levy Flights is adapted to the simple bat algorithm for better solution. For comparison, three design problems are also solved by using bat algorithm with Levy Flights technique. Results bring out that bat algorithm is powerful in finding the optimum solution for each design problem. Moreover, adaptation of Levy Flights to bat algorithm generates better solutions than the ones obtained by simple bat algorithm

Socialism and nationalism in the third world in the age of third worldism

This article investigates the relationship between socialism and nationalism with a special emphasis on its Third Worldist variant. The Third Worldist orthodoxy of the postcolonial age blurred the boundaries between nationalism and socialism, with Third Worldist nationalism being an expression of resentment directed against imperialism and the uneven development produced by capitalism. Socialism was understood within this Third Worldist moment in terms of a nation’s political and economic liberation from foreign imperialist powers and their internal collaborators. Socialism was seen as something which would make nations politically and economically independent and developed.Publisher's Versio

Europe’s Energy Crisis; Winners of the Crisis with Market Data

Prices of natural gas, coal, and electricity have risen to the highest level of the last ten years in the last quarter of 2021. It’s possible to express that energy prices in 2021 were much higher, compared to the crisis of 2020’s Covid-19 breakout’s historical descent in the first few months. There are a few factors to this rally. The epidemic caused structural fractions on a global scale. But in general, there is no doubt that crisis factors, which mainly concern Europe, are not limited (with) recovery process in the economy. With this notion, the main structure of this work’s subject aims to analyze the lead-up to the energy crisis that became apparent in 2021. Also, in the work, the energy crisis that’s been occurring will be analyzed thoroughly, with the help of its dynamics and causes. Within the scope of the study, the Hatemi-J (2012) asymmetric causality test was run using the weekly stock closing data of EU natural gas prices (EUGP), Gazprom (XGASPR), and Equinor (XEQUNR) for the period 05.11.2017–28.11.2021. As a result of the analysis, a causal relationship between the variables was determined. However, the work will positively contribute to the literature, being a guide to the current situations and overcoming the similar crisis that might occur in the future

An investigation on determining optimum wall ratio–cost relationship of shear walled reinforced concrete buildings

Reinforced concrete walls are very efficient structural elements in terms of carrying the lateral loads that are expected to affect the structures during the service of the buildings. These elements, which are not used for economic reasons in buildings designed in areas with low seismic hazard, can actually provide a significant increase in performance with a very small increase in construction cost. In this study, a total of 9 building models have been created and the relationship between optimum reinforced concrete wall ratio and cost on these buildings has been investigated. The design and analysis of the models were carried out according to the criteria specified in TSC 2018. Three different structural systems specified in TSC 2018 were used in the designed models. These structural systems used; RC frame structures, RC wall-frame structures and RC wall structures. These structures were analyzed by Response Spectrum Method which is linear analysis method and base shear forces were obtained. Then, push-over analysis, which is a nonlinear analysis method, was applied to obtain the base shear forces that the structure can actually carry. After the analysis, the quantities of materials to be used for the construction of the structural systems of the models were calculated and current manufacturing prices and rough costs were calculated. In order to compare the obtained costs with the structural performances, nonlinear shear forces and linear shear forces ratios were calculated and the over strength factors were calculated for each model. In the light of the data obtained from the studies in the literature, when the over strength factors and cost values are examined together, it is concluded that the optimum design for the conditions specified in TSC 2018 will be provided with the RC wall ratio between 0.001 - 0.0016. It is concluded that lateral load carrying capacity of construction increases up to 650% by increasing the construction cost by 17% for the designed models

Depressive Symptoms in a General Population: Associations with Obesity, Inflammation, and Blood Pressure

To determine whether obesity, inflammation, or conventional risk factors are related to depressive symptoms (DeprSy) in the general population. Responses to 3 questions served to assess sense of depression. Body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and other epidemiologic data of participants were available. In 1940, individuals who consulted a psychiatrist in the preceding year, or felt depressed (together DeprSy), 248 were female. Logistic regressions for adjusted associations of BMI with DeprSy were not significant as was serum CRP level. Diabetes and, in men, fasting glucose concentrations were associated with DeprSy. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was robustly inversely associated with DeprSy in diverse models at ORs of 0.74 (95%CI 0.63; 0.89) independent of confounders, including antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medication. The use of antidepressants could not explain the reduced BP. Women are predisposed to depression with which, not BMI and CRP, but SBP is inversely associated. Anti-inflammatory substances produced in depressed persons might explain the slightly lower BP

Serous retinal detachment in patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion

Conclusion: SRD may be associated with decreased VA. The prognosis of patients with BRVO and SRD requires further investigation

Hsa-miR-584-5p as a novel candidate biomarker in Turkish men with severe coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is still the preliminary cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world. Identification of novel predictive and therapeutic biomarkers is crucial for accurate diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of the CAD. The aim of this study was to detect novel candidate miRNA biomarker that may be used in the management of CAD. We performed miRNA profiling in whole blood samples of angiographically confirmed Turkish men with CAD and non-CAD controls with insignificant coronary stenosis. Validation of microarray results was performed by qRT-PCR in a larger cohort of 62 samples. We subsequently assessed the diagnostic value of the miRNA and correlations of miRNA with clinical parameters. miRNA-target identification and network analyses were conducted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software. Hsa-miR-584-5p was one of the top significantly dysregulated miRNA observed in miRNA microarray. Men-specific down-regulation (p = 0.040) of hsa-miR-584-5p was confirmed by qRT-PCR. ROC curve analysis highlighted the potential diagnostic value of hsa-miR-584-5p with a power area under the curve (AUC) of 0.714 and 0.643 in men and in total sample, respectively. The expression levels of hsa-miR-584-5p showed inverse correlation with stenosis and Gensini scores. IPA revealed CDH13 as the only CAD related predicted target for the miRNA with biological evidence of its involvement in CAD. This study suggests that hsa-miR-584-5p, known to be tumor suppressor miRNA, as a candidate biomarker for CAD and highlighted its putative role in the CAD pathogenesis. The validation of results in larger samples incorporating functional studies warrant further research