Іноземний інвестиційний капітал як каталізатор економічної активності

This summary report reviews the findings of BalticSTERN, an international research network conducting economic analysis of the ongoing and prospective efforts to reduce eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. The network has undertaken surveys exploring the benefits to be realized by citizens of countries on the Baltic from improved water quality and estimated cost-effective combinations of nutrient abatement measures which would fulfil the targets of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). The cost-benefit analysis reported here evaluated the long-term net benefits and ecological consequences of the BSAP. The results indicate that the overall benefits of pursuing the proposed nutrient reductions clearly outweigh their aggregate cost, suggesting that the BSAP is an economically sound plan for solving the transboundary eutrophication problem. The cost of inaction - not implementing the objectives of the BSAP - would be significant. The research tools developed in BalticSTERN may aid decision making and inform processes related to the planning, design and evaluation of future international and national water management plans and policies for the Baltic Sea.BalticSTER

Havet viktigt för Östersjöbor

Östersjön är ett unikt innanhav, omgivet av nio länder och med över 85 miljoner människor boende i avrinningsområdet. Detta hav ger oss en mångfald av tjänster gratis, så kallade ekosystemtänster, som bidrar till vår välfärd. En studie omfattande alla länder kring Östersjön visar havets sstora betydelse för invånarnas fritid, och att många är oroade över miljösituationen. Hur ser kopplingen mellan ekosystemet och vår välfärd ut? Vad kostar det att komma till rätta med miljöproblemen respektive att ignorera dem?BalticSTER

Baltic Sea – Our Common Treasure : Economics of Saving the Sea

BalticSTERN (Systems Tools and Ecological-economic evaluation – a Research Network) is a research network with partners in all countries around the Baltic Sea. The aim of the network is to combine ecological and economic models to make cost-benefit analyses and identify cost-effective measures to improve the environmental state of the Sea. Results from BalticSTERN research during the period of 2009-2012 is presented in this final report aimed at decision makers. Supplementing this final report there are Background Papers (BG Papers), published on the BalticSTERN website and on the website of the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management. This final report gives an overview and presents main results, while the BG Papers explore policy and research questions, as well as methods and results in more detail. Focus is on eutrophication, but some case studies on fish and fishery, oil spills and invasive species have also been undertaken within BalticSTERN and are discussed in a wider perspective in this report.BalticSTER

Baltic Sea – Our Common Treasure : Economics of Saving the Sea

BalticSTERN (Systems Tools and Ecological-economic evaluation – a Research Network) is a research network with partners in all countries around the Baltic Sea. The aim of the network is to combine ecological and economic models to make cost-benefit analyses and identify cost-effective measures to improve the environmental state of the Sea. Results from BalticSTERN research during the period of 2009-2012 is presented in this final report aimed at decision makers. Supplementing this final report there are Background Papers (BG Papers), published on the BalticSTERN website and on the website of the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management. This final report gives an overview and presents main results, while the BG Papers explore policy and research questions, as well as methods and results in more detail. Focus is on eutrophication, but some case studies on fish and fishery, oil spills and invasive species have also been undertaken within BalticSTERN and are discussed in a wider perspective in this report.BalticSTERN-rapporten är den första storskaliga kostnad-vinst-analys som gjorts för en internationell miljööverenskommelse, Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). Analysen omfattar beräknade kostnader och vinster för varje enskild östersjöstat. Analyserna har genomförts av BalticSTERNs forskningsnätverk, ett nätverk med forskare från alla länder runt Östersjön. Forskningsnätverket kombinerar socio-ekonomiska och ekologiska modeller för kostnad-vinstanalyser och för att hitta de mest kostnadseffektiva åtgärderna för att nå BSAPs målsättningar. Resultaten från forskningen inom BalticSTERN under perioden 2009-2012 finns i föreliggande rapport  "Baltic Sea – Our Common Treasure, Economics of Saving the Sea”. Minskad övergödning Kostnad-vinstanalysen som genomförts av BalticSTERNs forskningsnätverk, visar att minskad övergödning av Östersjön ger stora samhällsvinster för alla stater  i Östersjöområdet. Medborgare från de nio Östersjöstaterna är beredda att betala 3 800 miljoner euro årligen för ett mindre övergött Östersjön, och uppnå de reduktionsmål som finns i BSAP. Kostnaderna för att nå BSAPs reduktionsmål är beräknat till 2 300 miljoner euro årligen i kostnadseffektiva åtgärder. Om man tillämpar de allokeringar av kvoter enligt BSAP, ökar kostnaderna med 500 miljoner euro, och totalkostnaden blir då 2 800 miljoner euro. Vinsterna överstiger kostnaderna för att nå BSAPs reduktionsmål med 1 000 – 1 500 miljoner euro årligen

Processes for the sustainable stewardship of marine environments

Sustainable stewardship of the marine environment necessitates a holistic approach encompassing all the relevant drivers, activities and pressures causing problems for the natural state of the system and their impact on human societies today and in the future. This article provides a framework as well as a decision support process and tool that could guide such an approach. In this process, identifying costs and benefits of mitigation is a first step in deciding on measures and enabling instruments, which has to be accompanied by analyses regarding distributional effects (i.e. who gains or loses) related to different targets and policy instruments. As there are risks of future irreversible regime shifts and even system collapses, the assessments have to be broadened to include scenarios on possible future developments as well as ethical considerations. In particular, a deeper sustainable management strategy may be needed to respond to possible future increases in the rate of environmental change, amongst growing evidence of external pressures, interactions and non-linear dynamics. This adaptive management strategy should focus on building the resilience required to cope with and adapt to change