Influence of substrates, light, filter paper and pH on the sporulation of Cercospora sojina

Fungi require special substrates for their isolation, vegetative growth and sporulation. In experiments conducted in the laboratory, the influence of substrates, light, filter paper and pH on the sporulation of Cercospora sojina conidia, the causal agent of soybean frogeye leaf spot, was assessed. The media potato sucrose agar, V-8 agar, tomato extract agar, soybean leaf extract agar, soybean seed extract agar, soybean meal agar, soybean flour agar and wheat flour agar were tested, added on the surface, with and without filter paper and under two light regimes, with 12 h light at 25°± 2°C and in the dark. A triple factorial 8x2x2 (substrates x light/dark x with/without filter paper) design with four replicates was used. V-8 agar medium was employed and the pH was adjusted with HCl 0.1N or NaOH 0.1N before autoclaving to the values: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, and the pH of V-8 agar medium is 6.7. The evaluation was done on the seventh day of incubation. Data underwent regression analysis. Sporulation was maximized on the agar media V-8, seed extract, oat flour, tomato extract, and potato sucrose in the presence of filter paper and 12h light. On V-8 medium, maximal sporulation was obtained with pH 6.7.Os fungos requerem substratos especiais para seu isolamento, crescimento vegetativo e esporulação. Em experimentos conduzidos no laboratório foram avaliadas a influência de substratos, luz, papel de filtro e pH na esporulação de conídios de Cercospora sojina agente causal da mancha foliar olho-de-rã da soja. Foram testados os meios ágar batata sacarose, ágar V-8, ágar extrato de tomate, ágar extrato de folha de soja, ágar grãos de soja, ágar farelo de soja, ágar farinha soja e ágar farinha de aveia, acrescidos na superfície com e sem papel de filtro e submetidos a dois regimes luminosos, com luz de 12 h a 25°± 2°C e sem luz. O delineamento experimental usado foi fatorial triplo 8x2x2 (substratos x luz/escuro x com/sem papel de filtro), com quatro repetições distribuídas ao acaso. Usou-se o meio ágar V-8 ajustando o pH com HCl 0.1 N ou NaOH 0.1 N antes da autoclavagem nos valores: 3; 4; 5; 6; 7 e 8, sendo o pH do meio ágar V-8 de 6.7. A avaliação foi realizada aos sete dias de incubação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise da regressão. A esporulação foi maximizada nos meios V-8, ágar extrato de semente, farinha de aveia, extrato de tomate e batata sacarose ágar na presença de papel de filtro e fotoperíodo de 12 h. No meio V-8 a máxima esporulação foi obtida com o pH 6.7.EEA Sáenz PeñaFil: Gomez, Diana Erica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Sáenz Peña; ArgentinaFil: Reis, Erlei Melo. Universidad de Passo Fundo. Facultade de Agronomía y Medicina Veterinaria. Departamento de Fitosanidad; Brasi

Micelle‐to‐vesicle transition of lipoamino Gemini surfactant induced by metallic salts and its effects on antibacterial activity

Gemini surfactants are amphiphilic molecules formed by two polar heads and two hydrophobic tails joined by a spacer between the polar groups. Their molecular structure gives them particular physico-chemical properties in comparison with their monomeric counterparts. In this work we synthetized a Gemini surfactant (SDDC) derived from the amino acid cystine and decanoic acid. The influence of different metallic salts on the aggregation of the surfactant was studied. SDDC forms core–shell type triaxial ellipsoidal micelles in aqueous solution, but the aggregates suffer a change in morphology, forming vesicles in the presence of copper or silver ions. This behavior was corroborated by TEM and SAXS measurements. With the last technique was possible to estimate that vesicles formed in presence of copper consisted of 7.3 stacked bilayers. It was possible to determine that Cu2+ was reduced to Cu+ in the solution containing SDDC, through EPR and UV–visible spectrophotometry measurements. The reduction of copper was accompanied with the concomitant oxidation of the cystine. The antimicrobial activity of the different aggregates was studied against E. coli and S. aureus and compared with the conventional antibiotic ampicillin. The most efficient system resulted the mixture of SDDC:CuSO4/10:1 against the Gram-negative bacterium, there with the minimum concentration used (0.01 mM) was possible to inhibit 70 % of growth. The new systems characterized in this work have many possibilities for potential applications, mainly in the area of drug delivery systems, templates in the synthesis of nanomaterials or as antibacterial compounds.Fil: Pachon Gomez, Erica Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Silva, Oscar Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Der Ohannesian, Martín. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Centro de Química Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Núñez Fernández, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Centro de Química Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Oliveira, Rafael Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Mariana Adela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; Argentin

CLA-producing adjunct cultures improve the nutritional value of sheep cheese fat

peer-reviewedThe influence of the autochthonous CLA-producing Lactobacillus plantarum TAUL 1588 and Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei SS 1644 strains and the ripening time on the fatty acid (FA) content and sensory characteristics of sheep cheese were investigated. Three cheese types with different cultures and the control cheese were produced in duplicate and ripened for 8 months. 86 individual FA were determined by gas chromatography. Ripening time (2, 90, 180 and 240 days) did not have a significant effect (P > .05) on the FA content. However, the presence of both Lactobacillus CLA-producing strains led to a decrease of the saturated FA content and to 1.30, 1.19 and 1.27 times higher levels of vaccenic acid, CLA and omega-3, respectively, when compared to the control cheese. This combination allowed obtaining sheep milk cheeses with a healthier FA content, without appreciable changes on sensory characteristics. This work could be a promising approach to increase the bioactive fatty acid content of cheeses

Hemoglobin Mass, Blood Volume and VO₂max of Trained and Untrained Children and Adolescents Living at Different Altitudes

Introduction: To a considerable extent, the magnitude of blood volume (BV) and hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) contribute to the maximum O(2)-uptake (VO(2)max), especially in endurance-trained athletes. However, the development of Hbmass and BV and their relationships with VO(2)max during childhood are unknown. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate Hbmass and BV and their relationships with VO(2)max in children and adolescents. In addition, the possible influence of endurance training and chronic hypoxia was evaluated. Methods: A total of 475 differently trained children and adolescents (girls n = 217, boys n = 258; untrained n = 171, endurance trained n = 304) living at two different altitudes (∼1,000 m, n = 204, ∼2,600 m, n = 271) and 9–18 years old participated in the study. The stage of puberty was determined according to Tanner; Hbmass and BV were determined by CO rebreathing; and VO(2)max was determined by cycle ergometry and for runners on the treadmill. Results: Before puberty, there was no association between training status and Hbmass or BV. During and after puberty, we found 7–10% higher values in the trained groups. Living at a moderate altitude had a uniformly positive effect of ∼7% on Hbmass in all groups and no effect on BV. The VO(2)max before, during and after puberty was strongly associated with training (pre/early puberty: boys +27%, girls +26%; mid puberty: +42% and +45%; late puberty: +43% and +47%) but not with altitude. The associated effects of training in the pre/early pubertal groups were independent of Hbmass and BV, while in the mid- and late pubertal groups, 25% of the training effect could be attributed to the elevated Hbmass. Conclusions: The associated effects of training on Hbmass and BV, resulting in increased VO(2)max, can only be observed after the onset of puberty

O policy delphi como método de pesquisa para o desenvolvimento de framework: o caso dos papéis de promoção do consumo sustentável no contexto brasileiroPolicy delphi as a research method for framework development: the case of the roles of promoting sustainable consumption in the brazilian context

O objetivo deste estudo é discutir como o método Policy Delphi pode ser utilizado para o desenvolvimento de um framework sobre os papéis de governo, empresas e sociedade civil para promoção do consumo sustentável no contexto brasileiro, que é um tema complexo e com pouco contexto histórico. O Policy Delphi é um método apropriado porque pode abordar uma multiplicidade de questões e fornecer orientações para proposições associadas a um tópico específico no cenário contemporâneo. Desse modo, a aplicação do método possibilitou explorar percepções convergentes e divergentes de especialistas em relação aos papéis de governo, empresas e sociedade civil e a propor alternativas para direções futuras que possam ser utilizadas no desenvolvimento de estratégias e instrumentos que sejam capazes promover o consumo sustentável no contexto brasileiro