Functional and evolutionary study of retinoic acid signaling and of receptor phosphoylation in zebrafish

L’acide rétinoïque (AR) est le dérivé actif majeur de la vitamine A et a de multiples rôles au niveau cellulaire ainsi que pendant le développement. L’AR agit via deux familles de récepteurs nucléaires : les Récepteurs de l’Acide Rétinoïque (RAR) et les Récepteurs X des Rétinoïdes (RXR). Ces récepteurs sont des facteurs de transcription dépendants du ligand et leur activité est régulée par des phosphorylations via des kinases activées par l’AR. Durant ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l’étude fonctionnelle et évolutive de la voie de l’AR et de la phosphorylation des RAR chez le poisson-zèbre Danio rerio. En étudiant l’activité des différents sous-types de RAR chez le poisson-zèbre, nous avons mis en avant qu’il existe une activité transcriptionnelle propre à chaque sous-type dans un embryon précoce de poisson-zèbre. De plus, mes travaux ont montré qu’au cours de l’évolution, l’acquisition d’un site de phosphorylation chez RARα permet une régulation fine de son activité chez les mammifères. Enfin, en étudiant les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine de la diversification de la denture chez les poissons, mes travaux mettent en avant un rôle de la voie de l’AR dans la genèse de nouveaux traits phénotypiques.Retinoic acid (RA) is the main active metabolite of vitamin A and plays multiple roles in cellular processes but also during embryonic development. RA acts through two families of nuclear receptors: Retinoic Acid Receptors (RAR) and Retinoid X Receptors (RXR). Those receptors act as ligand-dependent transcription factors and their transcriptional activity is also regulated by phosphorylation processes through kinases activated by RA. During my PhD, I focused on the functional and evolutionary study of RA pathway and of the phosphorylation of RARs using zebrafish (Danio rerio). By studying the activity of the different RAR subtypes in zebrafish, we provide evidences that they can regulate gene expression in a subtype-specific fashion in the early zebrafish embryo. Furthermore, my work showed that during evolution, the acquisition of a phosphorylated residue in RARα promotes the fine-tuned regulation of its activity in mammals. Finally, aiming at deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind dentition diversification in fish, we propose a role for RA signaling in generating morphological novel traits during evolution

Functional and evolutionary study of retinoic acid signaling and of receptor phosphoylation in zebrafish

L’acide rétinoïque (AR) est le dérivé actif majeur de la vitamine A et a de multiples rôles au niveau cellulaire ainsi que pendant le développement. L’AR agit via deux familles de récepteurs nucléaires : les Récepteurs de l’Acide Rétinoïque (RAR) et les Récepteurs X des Rétinoïdes (RXR). Ces récepteurs sont des facteurs de transcription dépendants du ligand et leur activité est régulée par des phosphorylations via des kinases activées par l’AR. Durant ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l’étude fonctionnelle et évolutive de la voie de l’AR et de la phosphorylation des RAR chez le poisson-zèbre Danio rerio. En étudiant l’activité des différents sous-types de RAR chez le poisson-zèbre, nous avons mis en avant qu’il existe une activité transcriptionnelle propre à chaque sous-type dans un embryon précoce de poisson-zèbre. De plus, mes travaux ont montré qu’au cours de l’évolution, l’acquisition d’un site de phosphorylation chez RARα permet une régulation fine de son activité chez les mammifères. Enfin, en étudiant les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine de la diversification de la denture chez les poissons, mes travaux mettent en avant un rôle de la voie de l’AR dans la genèse de nouveaux traits phénotypiques.Retinoic acid (RA) is the main active metabolite of vitamin A and plays multiple roles in cellular processes but also during embryonic development. RA acts through two families of nuclear receptors: Retinoic Acid Receptors (RAR) and Retinoid X Receptors (RXR). Those receptors act as ligand-dependent transcription factors and their transcriptional activity is also regulated by phosphorylation processes through kinases activated by RA. During my PhD, I focused on the functional and evolutionary study of RA pathway and of the phosphorylation of RARs using zebrafish (Danio rerio). By studying the activity of the different RAR subtypes in zebrafish, we provide evidences that they can regulate gene expression in a subtype-specific fashion in the early zebrafish embryo. Furthermore, my work showed that during evolution, the acquisition of a phosphorylated residue in RARα promotes the fine-tuned regulation of its activity in mammals. Finally, aiming at deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind dentition diversification in fish, we propose a role for RA signaling in generating morphological novel traits during evolution

Etude fonctionnelle et évolutive de la voie de l'acide rétinoique et de la phosphorylation des récepteurs chez le poisson zèbre

Retinoic acid (RA) is the main active metabolite of vitamin A and plays multiple roles in cellular processes but also during embryonic development. RA acts through two families of nuclear receptors: Retinoic Acid Receptors (RAR) and Retinoid X Receptors (RXR). Those receptors act as ligand-dependent transcription factors and their transcriptional activity is also regulated by phosphorylation processes through kinases activated by RA. During my PhD, I focused on the functional and evolutionary study of RA pathway and of the phosphorylation of RARs using zebrafish (Danio rerio). By studying the activity of the different RAR subtypes in zebrafish, we provide evidences that they can regulate gene expression in a subtype-specific fashion in the early zebrafish embryo. Furthermore, my work showed that during evolution, the acquisition of a phosphorylated residue in RARα promotes the fine-tuned regulation of its activity in mammals. Finally, aiming at deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind dentition diversification in fish, we propose a role for RA signaling in generating morphological novel traits during evolution.L’acide rétinoïque (AR) est le dérivé actif majeur de la vitamine A et a de multiples rôles au niveau cellulaire ainsi que pendant le développement. L’AR agit via deux familles de récepteurs nucléaires : les Récepteurs de l’Acide Rétinoïque (RAR) et les Récepteurs X des Rétinoïdes (RXR). Ces récepteurs sont des facteurs de transcription dépendants du ligand et leur activité est régulée par des phosphorylations via des kinases activées par l’AR. Durant ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l’étude fonctionnelle et évolutive de la voie de l’AR et de la phosphorylation des RAR chez le poisson-zèbre Danio rerio. En étudiant l’activité des différents sous-types de RAR chez le poisson-zèbre, nous avons mis en avant qu’il existe une activité transcriptionnelle propre à chaque sous-type dans un embryon précoce de poisson-zèbre. De plus, mes travaux ont montré qu’au cours de l’évolution, l’acquisition d’un site de phosphorylation chez RARα permet une régulation fine de son activité chez les mammifères. Enfin, en étudiant les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine de la diversification de la denture chez les poissons, mes travaux mettent en avant un rôle de la voie de l’AR dans la genèse de nouveaux traits phénotypiques

Nuclear retinoic acid receptors: conductors of the retinoic acid symphony during development

The vitamin A derivative, retinoic acid (RA), is essential for embryonic development through the activation of cognate nuclear receptors, RARs, which work as ligand dependent regulators of transcription. In vitro studies revealed how RARs control gene expression at the molecular level and now it appears that it is fine-tuned by a phosphorylation code. In addition, several genetic approaches provided valuable insights on the functions of RARs during development and on the influence of other actors such as the enzymes involved in RA synthesis and degradation and other signaling pathways. It appears that RARs are the conductors of the RA signaling symphony through controlling the dynamics and the coordination of the different players and development steps

Individual knock out of glycine receptor alpha subunits identifies a specific requirement of glra1 for motor function in zebrafish.

Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are ligand-gated chloride channels mediating inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain stem and spinal cord. They function as pentamers composed of alpha and beta subunits for which 5 genes have been identified in human (GLRA1, GLRA2, GLRA3, GLRA4, GLRB). Several in vitro studies showed that the pentameric subtype composition as well as its stoichiometry influence the distribution and the molecular function of the receptor. Moreover, mutations in some of these genes are involved in different human conditions ranging from tinnitus to epilepsy and hyperekplexia, suggesting distinct functions of the different subunits. Although the beta subunit is essential for synaptic clustering of the receptor, the specific role of each alpha subtype is still puzzling in vivo. The zebrafish genome encodes for five glycine receptor alpha subunits (glra1, glra2, glra3, glra4a, glra4b) thus offering a model of choice to investigate the respective role of each subtype on general motor behaviour. After establishing a phylogeny of GlyR subunit evolution between human and zebrafish, we checked the temporal expression pattern of these transcripts during embryo development. Interestingly, we found that glra1 is the only maternally transmitted alpha subunit. We also showed that the expression of the different GlyR subunits starts at different time points during development. Lastly, in order to decipher the role of each alpha subunit on the general motor behaviour of the fish, we knocked out individually each alpha subunit by CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis. Surprisingly, we found that knocking out any of the alpha2, 3, a4a or a4b subunit did not lead to any obvious developmental or motor phenotype. However, glra1-/- (hitch) embryos depicted a strong motor dysfunction from 3 days, making them incapable to swim and thus leading to their premature death. Our results infer a strong functional redundancy between alpha subunits and confirm the central role played by glra1 for proper inhibitory neurotransmission controlling locomotion. The genetic tools we developed here will be of general interest for further studies aiming at dissecting the role of GlyRs in glycinergic transmission in vivo and the hitch mutant (hic) is of specific relevance as a new model of hyperekplexia

The first formed tooth serves as a signalling centre to induce the formation of the dental row in zebrafish

The diversity of teeth patterns in actinopterygians is impressive with tooth rows in many locations in the oral and pharyngeal regions. The first-formed tooth has been hypothesized to serve as an initiator controlling the formation of the subsequent teeth. In zebrafish, the existence of the first tooth (named 4 V1) is puzzling as its replacement is induced before the opening of the mouth. Functionally, it has been shown that 4 V1 formation requires fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and retinoic acid (RA) signalling. Here, we show that the ablation of 4 V1 prevents the development of the dental row demonstrating its dependency over it. If endogenous levels of FGF and RA are restored after 4 V1 ablation, embryonic dentition starts again by de novo formation of a first tooth, followed by the dental row. Similarly, induction of anterior ectopic teeth induces subsequent tooth formation, demonstrating that the initiator tooth is necessary and sufficient for dental row formation, probably via FGF ligands released by 4 V1 to induce the formation of subsequent teeth. Our results show that by modifying the formation of the initiator tooth it is possible to control the formation of a dental row. This could help to explain the diversity of tooth patterns observed in actinopterygians and more broadly, how diverse traits evolved through molecular fine-tuning

In Vivo Activity of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor β- and α-Selective Agonists GC-24 and CO23 on Rat Liver, Heart, and Brain

The TRβ-selective agonist GC-24, unlike GC-1, is not active on the brain, whereas the TRα-selective CO23 is active in brain but shows no TR isoform selectivity in vivo

Evolution of Nuclear Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (RAR alpha) Phosphorylation Sites. Serine Gain Provides Fine-Tuned Regulation

International audienceThe human nuclear retinoic acid (RA) receptor alpha (hRAR alpha) is a ligand-dependent transcriptional regulator, which is controlled by a phosphorylation cascade. The cascade starts with the RA-induced phosphorylation of a serine residue located in the ligand-binding domain, S(LBD), allowing the recruitment of the cdk7/cyclin H/MAT1 subcomplex of TFIIH through the docking of cyclin H. It ends by the subsequent phosphorylation by cdk7 of an other serine located in the N-terminal domain, S(NTD). Here, we show that this cascade relies on an increase in the flexibility of the domain involved in cyclin H binding, subsequently to the phosphorylation of S(LBD). Owing to the functional importance of RAR alpha in several vertebrate species, we investigated whether the phosphorylation cascade was conserved in zebrafish (Danio rerio), which expresses two RAR alpha genes: RAR alpha-A and RAR alpha-B. We found that in zebrafish RAR alpha s, S(LBD) is absent, whereas S(NTD) is conserved and phosphorylated. Therefore, we analyzed the pattern of conservation of the phosphorylation sites and traced back their evolution. We found that S(LBD) is most often absent outside mammalian RAR alpha and appears late during vertebrate evolution. In contrast, S(NTD) is conserved, indicating that the phosphorylation of this functional site has been under ancient high selection constraint. This suggests that, during evolution, different regulatory circuits control RAR alpha activity

Retinoic acid expands the evolutionarily reduced dentition of zebrafish

Zebrafish lost anterior teeth during evolution but retain a posterior pharyngeal dentition that requires retinoic acid (RA) cell-cell signaling for its development. The purposes of this study were to test the sufficiency of RA to induce tooth development and to assess its role in evolution. We found that exposure of embryos to exogenous RA induces a dramatic anterior expansion of the number of pharyngeal teeth that later form and shifts anteriorly the expression patterns of genes normally expressed in the posterior tooth-forming region, such as pitx2 and dlx2b. After RA exposure, we also observed a correlation between cartilage malformations and ectopic tooth induction, as well as abnormal cranial neural crest marker gene expression. Additionally, we observed that the RA-induced zebrafish anterior teeth resemble in pattern and number the dentition of fish species that retain anterior pharyngeal teeth such as medaka but that medaka do not express the aldh1a2 RA-synthesizing enzyme in tooth-forming regions. We conclude that RA is sufficient to induce anterior ectopic tooth development in zebrafish where teeth were lost in evolution, potentially by altering neural crest cell development, and that changes in the location of RA synthesis correlate with evolutionary changes in vertebrate dentitions.—Seritrakul, P., Samarut, E., Lama, T. T. S., Gibert, Y., Laudet, V., Jackman, W. R. Retinoic acid expands the evolutionarily reduced dentition of zebrafish

Genome-wide in Silico Identification of New Conserved and Functional Retinoic Acid Receptor Response Elements (Direct Repeats Separated by 5 bp)

International audienceThe nuclear retinoic acid receptors interact with specific retinoic acid (RA) response elements (RAREs) located in the promoters of target genes to orchestrate transcriptional networks involved in cell growth and differentiation. Here we describe a genome-wide in silico analysis of consensus DR5 RAREs based on the recurrent RGKTSA motifs. More than 15,000 DR5 RAREs were identified and analyzed for their localization and conservation in vertebrates. We selected 138 elements located +/- 10 kb from transcription start sites and gene ends and conserved across more than 6 species. We also validated the functionality of these RAREs by analyzing their ability to bind retinoic acid receptors (ChIP sequencing experiments) as well as the RA regulation of the corresponding genes (RNA sequencing and quantitative real time PCR experiments). Such a strategy provided a global set of high confidence RAREs expanding the known experimentally validated RAREs repertoire associated to a series of new genes involved in cell signaling, development, and tumor suppression. Finally, the present work provides a valuable knowledge base for the analysis of a wider range of RA-target genes in different species