Active drug targeting

Over 100 years ago, Paul Ehrlich first proposed the side-chain theory to explain how living cells mount an immune response in reaction to an infection. His theory stated that upon the encounter of a threat, cells express side-chains to bind dangerous toxins. These side-chains, which he later named receptors, can break off the cell and circulate throughout the body (i.e. antibodies). Specific antibodies link to particular antigens in the same way that Emil Fischer proposed enzymes bind to their receptors, “as lock and key”. Ehrlich described these so-called “keys” or antibodies as “magic bullets”, which target toxins without harming the body. In recent years, research has focused on using antibodies not only for detection of infection, but also as aids for drug targeting. Thereby, antibodies are bound to the surface of carriers (e.g. nanoparticles) and facilitate a directed transport to a specific organ or site in the body. Aptamer- peptide- or folic acid-doped carriers furthermore have been shown to specifically target cancer cells. By using hydrophilic structures as carriers (e.g. polyethylene glycol), negative side effects resulting from the accumulation of innate proteins can be prevented. Currently, there are drug carriers in the pre-clinical development phase for the treatment of bowel cancer. Thereby, nano polymer capsules coated with a specific antibody are used to target a glycoprotein expressed on bowel cancer cells. The polymers have a size of approximately 500 nm and are produced with a so-called “layer-by-layer” procedure. Once the carrier has reached its target site, the drug needs to be released in a controlled manner. This can be facilitated, for example, by applying a magnetic field in the case of iron oxide particles. Once these particles are taken up by the cells, magnetic radiation can be used to excite the particles, resulting in the rupture of the cell and subsequent cell death

Monitoring Suhu Dan Kelembaban Pada Mesin Pembentukan Embrio Telur Ayam Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino UNO

Naiknya permintaan pasar membuat peternak dituntut untuk dapat mengimbanginya dengan meningkatkan produksi unggas, baik daging maupun telur. Jika menggunakan cara alami, satu ekor indukan ayam hanya bisa mengerami maksimal 10 butir telur ayam dengan masa pengeraman kurang lebih 21 hari. Cara tersebut kurang efektif karena hanya sedikit anak ayam yang dihasilkan. Salah satu inovasi dalam bidang peternakan adalah adanya mesin untuk menetaskan telur secara otomatis. Terdapat 2 tipe mesin yang beredar dipasaran, yakni Mesin Setter yang berjalan selama 0-18 hari, dan Hatcher berjalan dari hari ke 19-21. Terdapat beberapa point yang harus dicermati secara khusus, diantaranya pengaturan suhu dan kelembaban yang harus disesuaikan dengan pengeraman indukan ayam secara alami dan pergerakan telur agar embrio dapat berkembang maksimal. Perancangan aplikasi ini merupakan salah satu bagian dalam pengembangan dari mesin pembentukan embrio telur ayam secara otomatis. Pengembangan yang dilakukan adalah mengatur suhu dan kelembaban agar sesuai dengan kondisi alami pengeraman indukan. Aplikasi ini menggunakan sensor suhu dan kelembaban DHT11 untuk mendeteksi suhu dan kelembaban serta menggunakan relay module yang terhubung dengan lampu sebagai media pemanas ruangan. Didalam aplikasi ini juga terdapat motor penggerak penampang telur. Dengan adanya Aplikasi monitoring suhu dan kelembaban pada mesin pembentukan embrio telur ayam ini, dapat mempermudah peternak dalam mengelola mesin pembentukan embrio telur dengan lebih baik. Kata Kunci : Kontrol Suhu dan Kelembaban, Mesin Pembentukan Embrio Telur Ayam, dan Mikrokontroler Arduino UNO The rising demand of poultry production, both meat and eggs makes farmers need the other solution for incubate the poultry eggs. With natural ways, one tail chicken breeders can only incubate up to 10 eggs with incubation period of approximately 21 days. This way is less effective for the poultry production needed. There are some machine innovations to incubate the eggs automatically. There are two types of machines on the market, namely Machine Setter running for 0-18 days, and Hatcher walk from day to 19-21. There are several points that must be observed in using of this machine, including temperature and humidity settings should be adjusted to hatch chicken breeders naturally and movement of the egg so that the embryo can develop optimally. The design of this application is one of another innovation which is focus to develope of embryos of chicken eggs. Development of chicken embryos is done with set the temperature and humidity in order to conform to the natural conditions of breeding hatch. This application uses DHT11 temperature and humidity sensors to detect temperature and humidity as well as using the relay module is connected to the lamp as a heating medium. In this application there is also a cross-section of the motor of the egg. With the temperature and humidity monitoring applications on a machine of this chicken egg embryo formation, can facilitate farmers in managing engine egg embryo formation bette

Measurements of Pulsating Turbulent Water Flow in a Tube

The experimental method associated with obtaining meaningful information from the hot-film anemometer signals in fully developed pulsating turbulent flow where the pulsations are sinusoidal in time is discussed. The results of a number of experiments in water reveal the nature of the longtime and short-time average velocity and pressure. Velocity measurements between 0.95 radii and the centerline demonstrate that the long-time average velocity distribution is coincident with that for steady turbulent flow at the same Reynolds number. Also, no significant differences between the longtime average axial pressure drop in the pulsating and steady flows were noted, although this requires further investigation in view of the increases in the Reynolds stress observed in pulsating air flow. The distribution of the measured pulsating velocity component depends upon the dimensionless turbulent frequency. At the lowest values of the frequency, the profile is turbulent-like, while at higher values, the maximum in the velocity shifts from the centerline towards the wall and a uniform speed region exists over the central portion of the tube. An eddy viscosity model displays many of the important characteristics of the observed pulsating velocity. Using the results of this model and the experimental observations, limits of the laminar frequency parameter which delineates the response of the flow are suggested. Recordings of the instantaneous velocity signal suggest the short-time behavior of the axial turbulence intensity to be generally that of increasing during deceleration of the flow and decreasing during acceleration

Biochemical Studies on Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract

Phytochemical screening were determined in Moringa oleifera leaves. The total polyphenols and flavonoids contents of Moringa oleifera leaves have the highest of total polyphenols and flavonoids contents, which were 129.44mgGAE/g and 20.43mgGAE/g, respectively. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of plant leaves was antioxidant activity by used (FRAP, LPO, OH, DPPH and ABTS) The methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves have the highest of reducing power which was ranged from 0.818 to 3.021 at the concentrations of 20 and 80 mg/ml, respectively. Also, by used (LPO, OH, DPPH and ABTS), were the highest antioxidants activity for methanolic extract respectively. Moreover, The methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves produced the highest growth inhibition (20 and 17mm) for against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtillis at 4mg/ml, respectively. While, the aqueous extracts highest growth inhibition (13mm) of against St.coccus aureus at 4mg/ml. Keywords: Phytochemical , polyphenols, flavonoids, plant extracts, antioxidant activity and antibacterial

N-(1-Naphth­yl)-10H-9-oxa-1,3-diaza­anthracen-4-amine

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C21H15N3O, the 10H-9-oxa-1,3-diaza­anthracene ring system is slightly bent, with dihedral angles of 3.99 (6) and 4.80 (6)° between the pyran ring and the pyrimidine and benzene rings, respectively. This ring system makes a dihedral angle of 85.23 (3)° with the naphthalene plane. In the crystal packing, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into chains along the a axis and these chains are stacked along the b axis. The crystal is further stabilized by weak C—H⋯N and C—H⋯π inter­actions

Asteroid exploration and utilization

The Earth is nearing depletion of its natural resources at a time when human beings are rapidly expanding the frontiers of space. The resources possessed by asteroids have enormous potential for aiding and enhancing human space exploration as well as life on Earth. Project STONER (Systematic Transfer of Near Earth Resources) is based on mining an asteroid and transporting raw materials back to Earth. The asteroid explorer/sample return mission is designed in the context of both scenarios and is the first phase of a long range plan for humans to utilize asteroid resources. Project STONER is divided into two parts: asteroid selection and explorer spacecraft design. The spacecraft design team is responsible for the selection and integration of the subsystems: GNC, communications, automation, propulsion, power, structures, thermal systems, scientific instruments, and mechanisms used on the surface to retrieve and store asteroid regolith. The sample return mission scenario consists of eight primary phases that are critical to the mission

Authoritarianism, Populism, and the Global Retreat of Democracy: A Curated Discussion

To the surprise of many in the West, the fall of the USSR in 1991 did not lead to the adoption of liberal democratic government around the world and the much anticipated “end of history.” In fact, authoritarianism has made a comeback, and liberal democracy has been on the retreat for at least the last 15 years culminating in the unthinkable: the invasion of a democratic European country by an authoritarian regime. But why does authoritarianism continue to spread, not only as an alternative to liberal democracy, but also within many liberal democracies where authoritarian leaders continue to gain strength and popularity? In this curated piece, contributors discuss some of the potential contributions of management scholarship to understanding authoritarianism, as well as highlight a number of directions for management research in this area.publishedVersio

Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients with Congenital Chloride Diarrhoea

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [email protected]: Congenital chloride diarrhoea [CLD] is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the solute family carrier 26 member 3 [SLC26A3] gene. Patients suffer from life-long watery diarrhoea and chloride loss. Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] has been reported in individual patients with CLD and in scl26a3-deficient mice. Methods: We performed an international multicentre analysis to build a CLD cohort and to identify cases with IBD. We assessed clinical and genetic characteristics of subjects and studied the cumulative incidence of CLD-associated IBD. Results: In a cohort of 72 patients with CLD caused by 17 different SLC26A3 mutations, we identified 12 patients [17%] diagnosed with IBD. Nine patients had Crohn's disease, two ulcerative colitis and one IBD-unclassified [IBD-U]. The prevalence of IBD in our cohort of CLD was higher than the highest prevalence of IBD in Europe [p < 0.0001]. The age of onset was variable [13.5 years, interquartile range: 8.5-23.5 years]. Patients with CLD and IBD had lower z-score for height than those without IBD. Four of 12 patients had required surgery [ileostomy formation n = 2, ileocaecal resection due to ileocaecal valve stenosis n = 1 and colectomy due to stage II transverse colon cancer n = 1]. At last follow-up, 5/12 were on biologics [adalimumab, infliximab or vedolizumab], 5/12 on immunosuppressants [azathioprine or mercaptopurine], one on 5-ASA and one off-treatment. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of patients with CLD develop IBD. This suggests the potential involvement of SL26A3-mediated anion transport in IBD pathogenesis. Patients with CLD-associated IBD may require surgery for treatment failure or colon cancer.Peer reviewe

Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2019

The Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR) is the flagship report of the United Nations on worldwide efforts to reduce disaster risk