Paleogén flóra- és klímaváltozások = Floral and climatic development of the Paleogene

Vizsgálatainkkal arra kívántunk választ adni, hogy - a Belső Kárpáti Térség érintett eocén-oligocén flóra-spektruma alapján kimutatható-e florisztikai és klímaváltozás, és milyen minőségűek ezek a változások. Fosszilis flórák taxonómiai feldolgozása alapján az eocén - kora oligocén flórák jelentős florisztikai hasonlóságot mutatnak, a termofil elemek dominanciája mellett jellemző a mérsékelt klímaigényű, lombhullató elemek hiánya. Eltérést jelent a nyitvatermők hiánya, a szárnyas termések ritka előfordulása, valamint számos a kora oligocénre jellemző nemzetség alárendelt szerepe a vizsgált eocén flórákban. Ezzel szemben a kora oligocén/késő oligocén flórák alapján gyökeres florisztikai változás tapasztalható a termofil elemek nagy részének eltűnésével, és a mérsékelt elemek növekvő arányával a késő oligocén flórákban. A klímaváltozások nyomonkövetéséhez több módszert alkalmaztunk ? coexistence approach (CA), sztómadenzitás vizsgálatok, d13C mérések, levélindex. Kimutattuk az évi átlaghőmérséklet csökkenését a kora-késő oligocénben, amely leginkább a leghidegebb hónap hőmérsékletének csökkenésével magyarázható. Sztóma-denzitás vizsgálatok alapján a kora oligocén paleogén medence hazai és szlovéniai flóralelőhelyei között élőhelyi különbséget mutattunk ki. Levélmorfológiai vizsgálatok, a szárnyas termések előfordulásbeli különbségei egyértelműen a vizsgált eocén vegetáció zártabb jellegére, a kora oligocén flórák esetében csapadékbeli szezonalitásra utalnak. | The project was focused on the Eocene-Oligocene floral spektra of the Inner Carpathian Region in order to trace spatial and temporal pattern of floristic and climatic changes. Based on systematic studies of Eocene-Early Oligocene floras significant floristic similarity with the dominance of thermophilous taxa and the absence of temperate elements is indicated. Disparate characters of Eocene floras are the absence of gymnosperms, the rare occurrence of winged fruits and the subordinate role of genera characteristic in the Early Oligocene. In contrast, a definite floristic change is observable with the disappearance of most thermophilous elements and increasing ratio of temperate elements in the Late Oligocene assemblages. In order to trace the climate pattern of the studied area and time scale numerous methods were adopted ? coexistence approach, stomatal density, d13C measurements, leaf morphology. Quantitative estimates of climate variables indicate the slight decrease of mean annual temperature during the Early/Late Oligocene which is mainly attributable to the decrease of the mean temperature of the coldest month. Estimates of stomatal density suggest palaeoecological difference between the Slovenian and Hungarian localities of the Early Oligocene Palaeogene Basin. Leaf morphology, the disparate occurrence of winged fruits in the Eocene and Early Oligocene assemblages indicates a more open vegetation and seasonality in precipitation in the latter

Szárazföldi környezeti rekonstrukció, ökoszisztéma dinamika és klímaváltozás az oligocén folyamán a Belső Kárpáti Térségben. = Terrestrial environment reconstruction, ecosystem dynamics and palaeoclimate during the Oligocene at the Inner Carpathian Region.

A Belső Kárpáti Térség és az ezt körülvevő Alp-Kárpát-Dinári térség terrén kollázsa olyan korai oligocén flóramaradványos rétegeket tartalmaz, amelyekek számos információt hordoznak e területek ősföldrajzi kapcsolatára és klímájára vonatkozóan. Vizsgálataink során számos taxonómiai revíziót végeztünk hazai- és érintett külföldi lelőhelyek flóráin. A Budai- és Bükki Tektonikai Egység flórája csaknem teljes megegyezést mutat. A flóra kizárólag melegigényes, ősi típusú un. paleotrópusi elemet tartalmaz, amelyek egy része subxerofil és több esetben kimondottan trópusi családok tagjai is megjelennek. Ekkor itt még nem tűnnek fel az Európa északabbi területein ekkor már tömegesen előforduló, mérsékelt klímaigényű ("arktotercier") elemek. A nagyfokú florisztikai hasonlóság ellenére klimatológiai különbségeket tudtunk kimutatni a Bükki- és Budai Tektonikai Egység területén. Morfometriai vizsgálatok alapján a Bükki Tektonikai Egységen szignifikánsan kimutatható a szárazabb klíma. A Bükk, Budai-hg. és Szlovénia korai oligocénjének florisztikai hasonlósága alátámasztja az egységes paleogén medence létét. Ennek a rendkívül speciális flórának számos eleme megjelenik az Alp-Kárpát-Dinári térség azonos korú rétegeiben, ugyanakkor ezen a területen kívül (egykori stabil Európa) nem ismeretes ilyen összetételű flóra. Korai oligocén flóráink tehát a mainál délebbi szélességen, feltehetően a "sclerofil paleogén öv" részeként, az európai flóráktól részben izoláltan éltek. | The terrane collage of the Inner Carpathian Region and the surrounding Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaric region comprise fossiliferous strata with abundant plant remains that provide relevant information on the palaeogeographic context of the area and its climate. We focused on the taxonomical revision of numerous Hungarian and other relevant floras outside Hungary. The floras of the Bükk and Buda Tectonic Units well correspond to each other. The flora comprises exclusively thermophilous, ancient elements a considerable part of which is subxerohytic. Temperate (arctotertiary) elements occurring with various taxa in the northern areas of Europe are completely absent from these floras. Despite high-grade floristic similarity climatological difference of the Bükk and Buda Tectonic Units could be demonstrated. Drier climate was proved with high significancy for the Bükk Tectonic Unit. The definitely uniform floristic pattern of the Bükk and Buda Units and the Slovenian Early Oligocene supports the existence of an integrated Palaeogene Basin. Numerous elements of this special flora appear in coeval strata of the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaric region. At the same time a flora with similar floristic composition has not been proved yet outside this terrane collage (the stable Europe). Our Early Oligocene floras must have flourished at more southern latitudes, isolated to a certain extent from the European floras, presumably as part of the 'Palaeogene Sclerophyllous Belt'

The early Oligocene flora and palaeo-environment of the Tard Clay Formation — latest results

The early Oligocene flora of the Tard Clay Formation is one of the most significant fossil floras of Hungary. Although, the investigation of the highly diverse flora started as early as the 1940s, the numerous, both exotic and extinct genera and species are still raising many questions. The significant development in the application of microscopic methods for cuticular examinations as well as morphometric analyses helped to resolve many taxonomical and systematic questions in the last decades. Recent research activities have been focussing mainly on revealing the botanical affinities of fossil genera in order to provide more realistic ecological and climate reconstructions. This paper provides a summary of the latest results achieved by studies of the Tard Clay floras highlighting conclusions of systematic, palaeoclimate and palaeoecological analyses

A possible Late Miocene fossil forest PaleoPark in Hungary

A possible Late Miocene fossil forest PaleoPark in Hungar

Ctenis Clarnoensis Sp. N., an Unusual Cycadalean Foliage from the Eocene Clarno Formation, Oregon

Premise of research. Leaves of an extinct kind of cycad are recognized from the middle and late Eocene Clarno Formation of Oregon. Although the pinnately compound leaf is similar in gross form and organization to some other extant and Cenozoic cycads such as Dioon Lindl., Encephalartos Lehm., and Dioonopsis Horiuchi et Kimura, it is readily distinguished from them by its venation, consisting of a closed reticulum of a single order of veins with a frequent dichotomizing and anastomosing pattern. Methodology. Fossils stored in the Museum of Paleontology (University of California), Florida Museum of Natural History (University of Florida), and Condon Museum of Natural History (University of Oregon) were studied applying conventional macromorphological and micromorphological methods including transmitted light and epifluorescence microscopy. Pivotal results. The leaves conform in their peculiar venation and epidermal anatomy to the extinct genus Ctenis Lindley et Hutton, which previously was known only from Mesozoic occurrences. Ctenis clarnoensis Erdei et Manchester sp. n. adds to the diversity of cycads known from the Paleogene of western North America. Conclusions. The record of the reticulate-veined C. clarnoensis and other fossil cycad genera with anastomosing venation patterns from the Paleogene implies that an extinct lineage or lineages of cycads sharing the character of reticulate venation, previously considered to be restricted to the Mesozoic, may have persisted into the Paleogene. Some physiognomic features of leaflets including the involute margin and pointed apex may suggest periodically dry conditions. By the present record the stratigraphic range of Ctenis is significantly extended from its previously known latest records in the Early Cretaceous up to as late as the Eocene

First cycad seedling foliage from the fossil record and inferences for the Cenozoic evolution of cycads

The morphology of the early ontogenetic stages of cycad foliage may help resolve the relationships between extinct to extant cycad lineages. However, prior to this study, fossil evidence of cycad seedlings was not known. We describe a compression fossil of cycad eophylls with co-occurring fully developed leaves of adult specimens from the early Palaeocene (ca 63.8 Ma) Castle Rock flora from the Denver Basin, CO, USA and assign it to the fossil genus Dioonopsis (Cycadales) based on leaf morphology and anatomy. The new fossil seedling foliage is particularly important because fully differentiated pinnate leaves of adult plants and the eophylls belong to the same species based on shared epidermal micromorphology, therefore, increasing the number of morphological characteristics that can be used to place Dioonopsis phylogenetically. Significantly, the seedling fossil has a basic foliage structure that is very similar to seedlings of extant cycads, which is consistent with a cycadalean affinity of Dioonopsis. Nevertheless, the set of morphological characters in the seedling and adult specimens of Dioonopsis suggests a distant relationship between Dioonopsis and extant Dioon. This indicates that extinct lineages of cycads were present and widespread during the early Cenozoic (Palaeogene) coupled with the subordinate role of extant genera in the Palaeogene fossil record of cycads

Hazards and disasters in the geological and geomorphological record: a key to understanding past and future hazards and disasters

Hazards and disasters have occurred throughout Earth's History and thus the geological record is an important resource for understanding future hazards and disasters. The Earth Science Group (ESG) of the Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) carried out a "Hazard and Disaster Event Survey" to identify Earth Science collections in European museums that represent hazards and disasters throughout the geological record, and recent times. The aim is to use the collections within the survey as an educational and research resource that promotes the importance of museum collections for understanding past and future hazard and disaster events. The survey pinpointed a wide variety of hazards (e.g. earthquakes, volcanism, floods, impact events, etc.), representing a vast time span in Earth's history (Proterozoic to Holocene), that are documented in the collections of the participating museums. Each hazard and disaster event has been described in terms of how they are preserved (e.g. fossil record or rock record), spatial scale, impact on life, and geological age. Here we showcase seven examples in detail which include well-known and less-known events from the survey that have contributed to our understanding of hazard and disaster processes and their impact on life. Also we present general conclusions and lessons learnt from the "Hazard and Disaster Event Survey"

A masszázsterápia hatékonyságának megelégedettségi vizsgálata

Szakdolgozatom témája a masszázsterápia, melyet már az ősidőkben is alkalmaztak az emberek. Dolgozatomban részletesen bemutatom jótékony hatásait, illetve ismertetem néhány fajtáját. Kutatásom során vizsgálom, hogy mennyire elégedettek a terápia hatékonyságával az emberek és miért veszik igénybe, illetve, hogy ezt milyen módon teszik.BSc/BAegészségügyi szervező alapszakmagyarnappaliV