Estimating total separable lean in beef carcasses by using multiple area measurements of the longissimus dorsi in combination with other measurements

Quality has played the major role in determining the value of a beef carcass for many years. Recently, edible portion or yield of lean meat is obtaining a major role more equal to that of quality in evaluating beef animals. Therefore, a relatively simple and reliable method should be derived for estimating muscling or leanness. The literature indicates that physical composition of various cuts is highly related to physical composition of the entire carcass. Wei^ts of muscles and bones have been obtained in attempts to develop useful criteria for estimating carcass leanness. Although these methods have proven highly significant in estimating carcass lean, they are time consuming, laborious and costly. The official grade standards of the United States Department of Agriculture evaluate beef according to conformation, finish and marbling in the ribeye. Objective measurements for estimating yield of closely trimmed wholesale cuts are being studied at the present time in order to classify beef according to cutability. A limited number of investigations have shown only a small relationship between carcass leanness and area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle at the twelfth rib. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether an average of area measurements taken at the fifth rib, twelfth rib and last lumbar vertebra would give an improved estimate of total carcass lean. Also, the relationship of carcass length, carcass weight and fat thickness over the twelfth rib to pounds of carcass lean was determined

Migraine Associated Vertigo

The interrelations of migraine and vertigo are complex, eluding a simple localization either centrally or peripherally. Spontaneous episodic vertigo, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, and Meniere's disease all occur more frequently in patients with migraine than in those without. Family studies support a hereditary predisposition to migraine associated vertigo. In this review, we discuss definitions, epidemiology, associated syndromes, neurootological abnormalities, genetics and treatment for patients with migraine and vertigo

Analogy making and the structure of implied volatility skew

An analogy based option pricing model is put forward. If option prices are determined in accordance with the analogy model, and the Black Scholes model is used to back-out implied volatility, then the implied volatility skew arises, which flattens as time to expiry increases. The analogy based stochastic volatility and the analogy based jump diffusion models are also put forward. The analogy based stochastic volatility model generates the skew even when there is no correlation between the stock price and volatility processes, whereas, the analogy based jump diffusion model does not require asymmetric jumps for generating the skew

What every skeptic should know about subliminal persuasion

Classic research by cognitive and social psychologists suggests that subliminally presented stimuli can be perceived and can influence individuals’ low-level cognitions. More recent investigations suggest that such stimuli can also affect individuals’ high-level cognitive processes, including attitudes, preferences, judgments, and even their behavior

Is subliminal persuasion a myth? No: What every skeptic should know about subliminal persuasion

ISSUE 12. Is Subliminal Persuasion a Myth?YES: Anthony R. Pratkanis, from “The Cargo-Cult Science of Subliminal Persuasion,” Skeptical Inquirer (vol. 16, 1992)NO: Nicholas Epley, Kenneth Savitsky, and Robert A. Kachelski, from “What Every Skeptic Should Know About Subliminal Persuasion,” Skeptical Inquirer (September/October 1999)Social psychologist Anthony Pratkanis argues that research claiming to demonstrate the efficacy of subliminal persuasion is either fraudulent or flawed. Carefully controlled experiments do not demonstrate that subliminal persuasion can have any effect on behavior. Nicholas Epley, Kenneth Savitsky, and Robert Kachelski agree that much of the research examining subliminal persuasion is flawed. However, more recent research using better methodologies has demonstrated that subliminal stimuli can influence behavior