Perceptions of poverty in Spain: differences in the attitudinal profiles between women and men

Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that encompasses privation of education, health or housing. Women show more positive perceptions of poor people, making external attributions for the causes of poverty or the circumstances that explain it. The aim of this study is to analyse perceptions of poverty, identifying the differences in attitudinal profiles between women and men, and the influence of their political and religious beliefs. The sample consists of 278 participants (154 women and 124 men), who completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Scale of Attitudes and Stereotypes toward Poverty. The results showed two attitude profiles for women and men, with differences in the first profile, where women or men did not have religious beliefs, had left-wing or centre-left political ideas and favourable attitudes about poverty

Chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for anions. A comprehensive review of the years 2010-2011

This review focuses on examples reported in the years 2010¿2011 dealing with the design of chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors or reagents for anions.Santos Figueroa, LE.; Moragues Pons, ME.; Climent Terol, E.; Agostini, A.; Martínez Mañez, R.; Sancenón Galarza, F. (2013). Chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for anions. A comprehensive review of the years 2010-2011. Chemical Society Reviews. 42(8):3489-3613. doi:10.1039/C3CS35429FS34893613428Martínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2003). Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Chemosensors and Reagents for Anions. Chemical Reviews, 103(11), 4419-4476. doi:10.1021/cr010421eKatayev, E. A., Ustynyuk, Y. A., & Sessler, J. L. (2006). Receptors for tetrahedral oxyanions. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 250(23-24), 3004-3037. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.04.013Suksai, C., & Tuntulani, T. (2003). Chromogenic anion sensors. Chemical Society Reviews, 32(4), 192. doi:10.1039/b209598jKim, S. K., Lee, D. H., Hong, J.-I., & Yoon, J. (2009). Chemosensors for Pyrophosphate. Accounts of Chemical Research, 42(1), 23-31. doi:10.1021/ar800003fBeer, P. (2000). Electrochemical and optical sensing of anions by transition metal based receptors. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 205(1), 131-155. doi:10.1016/s0010-8545(00)00237-xZhou, Y., Xu, Z., & Yoon, J. (2011). Fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for detection of nucleotides, FAD and NADH: highlighted research during 2004–2010. Chemical Society Reviews, 40(5), 2222. doi:10.1039/c0cs00169dGunnlaugsson, T., Glynn, M., Tocci (née Hussey), G. M., Kruger, P. E., & Pfeffer, F. M. (2006). Anion recognition and sensing in organic and aqueous media using luminescent and colorimetric sensors. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 250(23-24), 3094-3117. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.08.017Amendola, V., Esteban-Gómez, D., Fabbrizzi, L., & Licchelli, M. (2006). What Anions Do to N−H-Containing Receptors. Accounts of Chemical Research, 39(5), 343-353. doi:10.1021/ar050195lGunnlaugsson, T., Ali, H. D. P., Glynn, M., Kruger, P. E., Hussey, G. M., Pfeffer, F. M., … Tierney, J. (2005). Fluorescent Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) Sensors for Anions; From Design to Potential Application. Journal of Fluorescence, 15(3), 287-299. doi:10.1007/s10895-005-2627-yWiskur, S. L., Ait-Haddou, H., Lavigne, J. J., & Anslyn, E. V. (2001). Teaching Old Indicators New Tricks. Accounts of Chemical Research, 34(12), 963-972. doi:10.1021/ar9600796Nguyen, B. T., & Anslyn, E. V. (2006). Indicator–displacement assays. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 250(23-24), 3118-3127. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.04.009Xu, Z., Chen, X., Kim, H. N., & Yoon, J. (2010). Sensors for the optical detection ofcyanide ion. Chem. Soc. Rev., 39(1), 127-137. doi:10.1039/b907368jKaur, K., Saini, R., Kumar, A., Luxami, V., Kaur, N., Singh, P., & Kumar, S. (2012). Chemodosimeters: An approach for detection and estimation of biologically and medically relevant metal ions, anions and thiols. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 256(17-18), 1992-2028. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.013Zhou, Y., & Yoon, J. (2012). Recent progress in fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for detection ofamino acids. Chem. Soc. Rev., 41(1), 52-67. doi:10.1039/c1cs15159bMoragues, M. E., Martínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2011). Chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for anions. A comprehensive review of the year 2009. Chemical Society Reviews, 40(5), 2593. doi:10.1039/c0cs00015aAldrey, A., Núñez, C., García, V., Bastida, R., Lodeiro, C., & Macías, A. (2010). Anion sensing properties of new colorimetric chemosensors based on macrocyclic ligands bearing three nitrophenylurea groups. Tetrahedron, 66(47), 9223-9230. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.054Odago, M. O., Colabello, D. M., & Lees, A. J. (2010). A simple thiourea based colorimetric sensor for cyanide anion. Tetrahedron, 66(38), 7465-7471. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2010.07.006Piątek, P. (2011). A selective chromogenic chemosensor for carboxylate salt recognition. Chemical Communications, 47(16), 4745. doi:10.1039/c0cc05537aHe, X., Herranz, F., Cheng, E. C.-C., Vilar, R., & Yam, V. W.-W. (2010). Design, Synthesis, Photophysics, and Anion-Binding Studies of Bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane-Containing Dinuclear Gold(I) Thiolate Complexes with Urea Receptors. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(30), 9123-9131. doi:10.1002/chem.201000647Lin, W.-C., Tseng, Y.-P., Lin, C.-Y., & Yen, Y.-P. (2011). Synthesis of alanine-based colorimetric sensors and enantioselective recognition of aspartate and malate anions. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 9(15), 5547. doi:10.1039/c1ob05135kRegueiro-Figueroa, M., Djanashvili, K., Esteban-Gómez, D., de Blas, A., Platas-Iglesias, C., & Rodríguez-Blas, T. (2010). Towards Selective Recognition of Sialic Acid Through Simultaneous Binding to Its cis-Diol and Carboxylate Functions. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2010(17), 3237-3248. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201000186Carasel, I. A., Yamnitz, C. R., Winter, R. K., & Gokel, G. W. (2010). Halide Ions Complex and Deprotonate Dipicolinamides and Isophthalamides: Assessment by Mass Spectrometry and UV−Visible Spectroscopy. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 75(23), 8112-8116. doi:10.1021/jo101749aRostami, A., Colin, A., Li, X. Y., Chudzinski, M. G., Lough, A. J., & Taylor, M. S. (2010). N,N′-Diarylsquaramides: General, High-Yielding Synthesis and Applications in Colorimetric Anion Sensing. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 75(12), 3983-3992. doi:10.1021/jo100104gAmendola, V., Bergamaschi, G., Boiocchi, M., Fabbrizzi, L., & Milani, M. (2010). The Squaramide versus Urea Contest for Anion Recognition. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(14), 4368-4380. doi:10.1002/chem.200903190Sola, A., Orenes, R. A., García, M. A., Claramunt, R. M., Alkorta, I., Elguero, J., … Molina, P. (2011). Unprecedented 1,3-Diaza[3]ferrocenophane Scaffold as Molecular Probe for Anions. Inorganic Chemistry, 50(9), 4212-4220. doi:10.1021/ic102314rLee, D. Y., Singh, N., Satyender, A., & Jang, D. O. (2011). An azo dye-coupled tripodal chromogenic sensor for cyanide. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(51), 6919-6922. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.061Haridas, V., Sahu, S., & Praveen Kumar, P. P. (2011). Triazole-based chromogenic and non-chromogenic receptors for halides. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(51), 6930-6934. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.066Park, J. J., Kim, Y.-H., Rhim, S., & Kang, J. (2012). Anion receptors with viologen molecular scaffold. Tetrahedron Letters, 53(2), 247-252. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.11.040Amendola, V., Fabbrizzi, L., Mosca, L., & Schmidtchen, F.-P. (2011). Urea-, Squaramide-, and Sulfonamide-Based Anion Receptors: A Thermodynamic Study. Chemistry - A European Journal, 17(21), 5972-5981. doi:10.1002/chem.201003411You, J.-M., Jeong, H., Seo, H., & Jeon, S. (2010). A new fluoride ion colorimetric sensor based on dipyrrolemethanes. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 146(1), 160-164. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.02.042Farinha, A. S. F., Tomé, A. C., & Cavaleiro, J. A. S. (2010). (E)-3-(meso-Octamethylcalix[4]pyrrol-2-yl)propenal: a versatile precursor for calix[4]pyrrole-based chromogenic anion sensors. Tetrahedron Letters, 51(16), 2184-2187. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.091Lee, G. W., Kim, N.-K., & Jeong, K.-S. (2010). Synthesis of Biindole−Diazo Conjugates as a Colorimetric Anion Receptor. Organic Letters, 12(11), 2634-2637. doi:10.1021/ol100830bBose, P., & Ghosh, P. (2010). Visible and near-infrared sensing of fluoride by indole conjugated urea/thiourea ligands. Chemical Communications, 46(17), 2962. doi:10.1039/b919128cWang, L., He, X., Guo, Y., Xu, J., & Shao, S. (2011). Tris(indolyl)methene molecule as an anion receptor and colorimetric chemosensor: tunable selectivity and sensitivity for anions. Org. Biomol. Chem., 9(3), 752-757. doi:10.1039/c0ob00472cTetilla, M. A., Aragoni, M. C., Arca, M., Caltagirone, C., Bazzicalupi, C., Bencini, A., … Meli, V. (2011). Colorimetric response to anions by a «robust» copper(ii) complex of a [9]aneN3 pendant arm derivative: CN− and I− selective sensing. Chemical Communications, 47(13), 3805. doi:10.1039/c0cc04500dKundu, T., Mobin, S. M., & Lahiri, G. K. (2010). Paramagnetic ruthenium-biimidazole derivatives [(acac)2RuIII(LHn)]m, n/m = 2/+, 1/0, 0/−. Synthesis, structures, solution properties and anion receptor features in solution state. Dalton Transactions, 39(17), 4232. doi:10.1039/b919036hLee, C.-H., Lee, S., Yoon, H., & Jang, W.-D. (2011). Strong Binding Affinity of a Zinc-Porphyrin-Based Receptor for Halides through the Cooperative Effects of Quadruple CH Hydrogen Bonds and Axial Ligation. Chemistry - A European Journal, 17(49), 13898-13903. doi:10.1002/chem.201101884Swinburne, A. N., Paterson, M. J., Fischer, K. H., Dickson, S. J., Wallace, E. V. B., Belcher, W. J., … Steed, J. W. (2010). Colourimetric Carboxylate Anion Sensors Derived from Viologen-Based Receptors. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(5), 1480-1492. doi:10.1002/chem.200902609Kannappan, R., Bucher, C., Saint-Aman, E., Moutet, J.-C., Milet, A., Oltean, M., … Chaix, C. (2010). Viologen-based redox-switchable anion-binding receptors. New Journal of Chemistry, 34(7), 1373. doi:10.1039/b9nj00757aKumari, N., Jha, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2011). Colorimetric Probes Based on Anthraimidazolediones for Selective Sensing of Fluoride and Cyanide Ion via Intramolecular Charge Transfer. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 76(20), 8215-8222. doi:10.1021/jo201290aAmendola, V., Boiocchi, M., Fabbrizzi, L., & Fusco, N. (2011). Putting the Anion into the Cage - Fluoride Inclusion in the Smallest Trisimidazolium Macrotricycle. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2011(32), 6434-6444. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201100902Kumar, A., Kumar, V., & Upadhyay, K. K. (2011). A ninhydrin based colorimetric molecular switch for Hg2+ and CH3COO−/F−. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(50), 6809-6813. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.046Bao, X., & Zhou, Y. (2010). Synthesis and recognition properties of a class of simple colorimetric anion chemosensors containing OH and CONH groups. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 147(2), 434-441. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.03.068Lou, X., Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Qin, J., & Li, Z. (2011). A highly specific rhodamine-based colorimetric probe for hypochlorites: a new sensing strategy and real application in tap water. Chemical Communications, 47(11), 3189. doi:10.1039/c0cc04911eShang, X.-F., Su, H., Lin, H., & Lin, H.-K. (2010). A supramolecular optic sensor for selective recognition AMP. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 13(8), 999-1003. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2010.04.006Mendy, J. S., Saeed, M. A., Fronczek, F. R., Powell, D. R., & Hossain, M. A. (2010). Anion Recognition and Sensing by a New Macrocyclic Dinuclear Copper(II) Complex: A Selective Receptor for Iodide. Inorganic Chemistry, 49(16), 7223-7225. doi:10.1021/ic100686mMahato, P., Ghosh, A., Mishra, S. K., Shrivastav, A., Mishra, S., & Das, A. (2011). Zn(II)−Cyclam Based Chromogenic Sensors for Recognition of ATP in Aqueous Solution Under Physiological Conditions and Their Application as Viable Staining Agents for Microorganism. Inorganic Chemistry, 50(9), 4162-4170. doi:10.1021/ic200223gMahato, P., Ghosh, A., Mishra, S. K., Shrivastav, A., Mishra, S., & Das, A. (2010). Zn(II) based colorimetric sensor for ATP and its use as a viable staining agent in pure aqueous media of pH 7.2. Chemical Communications, 46(48), 9134. doi:10.1039/c0cc01996hDalla Cort, A., Forte, G., & Schiaffino, L. (2011). Anion Recognition in Water with Use of a Neutral Uranyl-salophen Receptor. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 76(18), 7569-7572. doi:10.1021/jo201213eDas, P., Mandal, A. K., Kesharwani, M. K., Suresh, E., Ganguly, B., & Das, A. (2011). Receptor design and extraction of inorganic fluoride ion from aqueous medium. Chemical Communications, 47(26), 7398. doi:10.1039/c1cc11458aBaumes, L. A., Buaki, M., Jolly, J., Corma, A., & Garcia, H. (2011). Fluorimetric detection and discrimination of α-amino acids based on tricyclic basic dyes and cucurbiturils supramolecular assembly. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(13), 1418-1421. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.071Baumes, L. A., Buaki Sogo, M., Montes-Navajas, P., Corma, A., & Garcia, H. (2010). A Colorimetric Sensor Array for the Detection of the Date-Rape Drug γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Supramolecular Approach. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(15), 4489-4495. doi:10.1002/chem.200903127Chifotides, H. T., Schottel, B. L., & Dunbar, K. R. (2010). The π-Accepting Arene HAT(CN)6 as a Halide Receptor through Charge Transfer: Multisite Anion Interactions and Self-Assembly in Solution and the Solid State. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49(40), 7202-7207. doi:10.1002/anie.201001755Gu, X., Liu, C., Zhu, Y.-C., & Zhu, Y.-Z. (2011). Development of a boron-dipyrromethene-Cu2+ ensemble based colorimetric probe toward hydrogen sulfide in aqueous media. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(39), 5000-5003. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.07.004Männel-Croisé, C., Meister, C., & Zelder, F. (2010). «Naked-Eye» Screening of Metal-Based Chemosensors for Biologically Important Anions. Inorganic Chemistry, 49(22), 10220-10222. doi:10.1021/ic1015115Watchasit, S., Kaowliew, A., Suksai, C., Tuntulani, T., Ngeontae, W., & Pakawatchai, C. (2010). Selective detection of pyrophosphate by new tripodal amine calix[4]arene-based Cu(II) complexes using indicator displacement strategy. Tetrahedron Letters, 51(26), 3398-3402. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.04.095Mateus, P., Delgado, R., Brandão, P., & Félix, V. (2011). Recognition of Oxalate by a Copper(II) Polyaza Macrobicyclic Complex. Chemistry - A European Journal, 17(25), 7020-7031. doi:10.1002/chem.201100428Chen, Z., Lu, Y., He, Y., & Huang, X. (2010). Recognition of pyrophosphate anion in aqueous solution using the competition displacement method. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 149(2), 407-412. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.06.038Müller-Graff, P.-K., Szelke, H., Severin, K., & Krämer, R. (2010). Pattern-based sensing of sulfated glycosaminoglycans with a dynamic mixture of iron complexes. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 8(10), 2327. doi:10.1039/c000420kHu, Z.-Q., Wang, X.-M., Feng, Y.-C., Ding, L., Li, M., & Lin, C.-S. (2011). A novel colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor for acetate ions in aqueous media based on a rhodamine 6G–phenylurea conjugate in the presence of Fe(iii) ions. Chem. Commun., 47(5), 1622-1624. doi:10.1039/c0cc04136jSingh, N., & Jang, D. O. (2011). A selective ATP chromogenic sensor for use in an indicator displacement assay. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(39), 5094-5097. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.07.096Ghosh, K., & Ranjan Sarkar, A. (2011). Pyridinium-based symmetrical diamides as chemosensors in visual sensing of citrate through indicator displacement assay (IDA) and gel formation. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 9(19), 6551. doi:10.1039/c1ob05707cAtta, A. K., Ahn, I.-H., Hong, A.-Y., Heo, J., Kim, C. K., & Cho, D.-G. (2012). Fluoride indicator that functions in mixed aqueous media: hydrogen bonding effects. Tetrahedron Letters, 53(5), 575-578. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.11.099Perry-Feigenbaum, R., Sella, E., & Shabat, D. (2011). Autoinductive Exponential Signal Amplification: A Diagnostic Probe for Direct Detection of Fluoride. Chemistry - A European Journal, 17(43), 12123-12128. doi:10.1002/chem.201101796Rajamalli, P., & Prasad, E. (2011). Low Molecular Weight Fluorescent Organogel for Fluoride Ion Detection. Organic Letters, 13(14), 3714-3717. doi:10.1021/ol201325jBhaumik, C., Das, S., Maity, D., & Baitalik, S. (2011). A terpyridyl-imidazole (tpy-HImzPh3) based bifunctional receptor for multichannel detection of Fe2+ and F− ions. Dalton Transactions, 40(44), 11795. doi:10.1039/c1dt10965kIsaad, J., & Perwuelz, A. (2010). New color chemosensors for cyanide based on water soluble azo dyes. Tetrahedron Letters, 51(44), 5810-5814. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.098Wade, C. R., & Gabbaï, F. P. (2010). Cyanide Anion Binding by a Triarylborane at the Outer Rim of a Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Cationic Complex. Inorganic Chemistry, 49(2), 714-720. doi:10.1021/ic9020349Ábalos, T., Jiménez, D., Moragues, M., Royo, S., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., … Gil, S. (2010). Multi-channel receptors based on thiopyrylium functionalised with macrocyclic receptors for the recognition of transition metal cations and anions. Dalton Transactions, 39(14), 3449. doi:10.1039/b921486kÁbalos, T., Royo, S., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., Costero, A. M., … Parra, M. (2009). Surfactant-assisted chromogenic sensing of cyanide in water. New Journal of Chemistry, 33(8), 1641. doi:10.1039/b909705hSumiya, S., Doi, T., Shiraishi, Y., & Hirai, T. (2012). Colorimetric sensing of cyanide anion in aqueous media with a fluorescein–spiropyran conjugate. Tetrahedron, 68(2), 690-696. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.097Shiraishi, Y., Itoh, M., & Hirai, T. (2011). Rapid colorimetric sensing of cyanide anion in aqueous media with a spiropyran derivative containing a dinitrophenolate moiety. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(13), 1515-1519. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.110Shiraishi, Y., Itoh, M., & Hirai, T. (2011). Colorimetric response of spiropyran derivative for anions in aqueous or organic media. Tetrahedron, 67(5), 891-897. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2010.12.021Isaad, J., & Achari, A. E. (2011). Biosourced 3-formyl chromenyl-azo dye as Michael acceptor type of chemodosimeter for cyanide in aqueous environment. Tetrahedron, 67(31), 5678-5685. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.083Isaad, J., & El Achari, A. (2011). A novel cyanide chemodosimeter based on trifluoroacetamide benzhydrol-2 as binding motif: importance of substituent positioning on intra-molecular charge transfer. Tetrahedron, 67(23), 4196-4201. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2011.04.059Park, I. S., Heo, E.-J., & Kim, J.-M. (2011). A photochromic phenoxyquinone based cyanide ion sensor. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(19), 2454-2457. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.02.105Tang, X., Liu, W., Wu, J., Zhao, W., Zhang, H., & Wang, P. (2011). A colorimetric chemosensor for fast detection of thiols based on intramolecular charge transfer. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(40), 5136-5139. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.07.111Wei, W., Liang, X., Hu, G., Guo, Y., & Shao, S. (2011). A highly selective colorimetric probe based on 2,2′,2″-trisindolylmethene for cysteine/homocysteine. Tetrahedron Letters, 52(13), 1422-1425. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.07.182Cui, K., Zhang, D., Zhang, G., & Zhu, D. (2010). A highly selective naked-eye probe for hypochlorite with the p-methoxyphenol-substituted aniline compound. Tetrahedron Letters, 51(46), 6052-6055. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.09.041Kim, M. H., Kim, S., Jang, H. H., Yi, S., Seo, S. H., & Han, M. S. (2010). A gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric sensing ensemble for the colorimetric detection of cyanide ions in aqueous solution. Tetrahedron Letters, 51(36), 4712-4716. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.07.002Zhang, S., Wang, J., Han, L., Li, C., Wang, W., & Yuan, Z. (2010). Colorimetric detection of bis-phosphorylated peptides using zinc(ii) dipicolylamine-appended gold nanoparticles. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 147(2), 687-690. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.03.071Feng, D.-Q., Liu, G., Zheng, W., Liu, J., Chen, T., & Li, D. 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RarERN Path: a methodology towards the optimisation of patients’ care pathways in rare and complex diseases developed within the European Reference Networks

Background: In 2017, the European Commission has launched the European Reference Networks (ERNs), virtual networks involving healthcare providers across Europe. The aim of the ERNs is to tackle complex and rare diseases and conditions that require highly specialized treatment and a concentration of knowledge and resources. The ERN on rare and complex connective tissue and musculoskeletal diseases (ERN ReCONNET) is one of the 24 ERNs approved that aims to improve the management of Rare and Complex Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Objective: The RarERN Path methodology aims to create a single reference organisational model for patients’ care pathways which, if applied in different contexts, helps to ensure an improved, cost-effective and patient-centred equal care to rare and complex diseases. Methods: Starting from existing standard methods for the creation and elaboration of patients’ care pathways, a specific methodology was created in order to take advantage of the distinctive and peculiar characteristics of the ERNs. Specifically, the development of the RarERN Path methodology involved different stakeholders: health economists, clinicians and researchers expert in rare and complex diseases, communication experts, experts in patients’ involvement and narrative medicine and policy-makers. Results: The RarERN Path methodology foresees six consecutive phases, each with different and specific aims. Specifically, the six phases are represented by: Phase 1—mapping of existing patients’ care pathways and patients’ stories; Phase 2—design of an optimised common patients’ care pathway; Phase 3—consensus on an optimised common patients’ care pathway; Phase 4—key performance indicators definition; Phase 5—refinement; Phase 6—pilot phase (optional). Conclusion: The application of RarERN Path to the different disease-specific and geographical contexts would help to ensure an improved, cost-effective and patient-centred equal care to rare and complex diseases across Europe as well as a possible tangible action towards the integration of ERNs into the different European healthcare systems

Time to Switch to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Europe and Thailand.

Background: Data on durability of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited. We assessed time to switch to second-line therapy in 16 European countries and Thailand. Methods: Children aged <18 years initiating combination ART (≥2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] plus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI] or boosted protease inhibitor [PI]) were included. Switch to second-line was defined as (i) change across drug class (PI to NNRTI or vice versa) or within PI class plus change of ≥1 NRTI; (ii) change from single to dual PI; or (iii) addition of a new drug class. Cumulative incidence of switch was calculated with death and loss to follow-up as competing risks. Results: Of 3668 children included, median age at ART initiation was 6.1 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.7-10.5) years. Initial regimens were 32% PI based, 34% nevirapine (NVP) based, and 33% efavirenz based. Median duration of follow-up was 5.4 (IQR, 2.9-8.3) years. Cumulative incidence of switch at 5 years was 21% (95% confidence interval, 20%-23%), with significant regional variations. Median time to switch was 30 (IQR, 16-58) months; two-thirds of switches were related to treatment failure. In multivariable analysis, older age, severe immunosuppression and higher viral load (VL) at ART start, and NVP-based initial regimens were associated with increased risk of switch. Conclusions: One in 5 children switched to a second-line regimen by 5 years of ART, with two-thirds failure related. Advanced HIV, older age, and NVP-based regimens were associated with increased risk of switch

Desigualdades de salud: análisis de la asociación entre clase socioeconómica e indicadores de mortalidad en el municipio de Madrid

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva. Fecha de lectura: 29 de Mayo de 1992

Plan Andaluz de Atención al Ictus : 2011-2014

YesEl Plan Andaluz de Atención al Ictus pretende contribuir a proporcionar una atención de calidad al ictus en todas sus fases: la prevención, la atención en fase aguda y la recuperación. Por tanto, requiere articular respuestas coordinadas entre todos los sectores y agentes implicados. Desde la prevención en los distintos ámbitos, como en la atención en la fase aguda, hasta la fase de recuperación. Basada en las mejores evidencias disponibles y capaz de garantizar la continuidad asistencial

Collaborative learning in the post-industrial context: catalogues, series and assemblies

Nuestro contexto contemporáneo, caracterizado por la complejidad y abundancia de información, nos invita a aprender y a trabajar con lo existente, entendiendo que la arquitectura se puede producir como resultado del desmontaje, reorganización, hackeo, evolución, ensamblaje o postproducción. En la presente investigación describimos las claves metodológicas de una experiencia docente asociada a una serie de talleres de proyectos arquitectónicos. Un proceso que oscila entre la práctica profesional y la investigación académica, entre contextos postindustriales existentes y nuevos imaginarios urbanos, entre arquitecturas canónicas y ensamblajes arquitectónicos de nueva invención, alimentados desde catálogos compartidos, disponibles en un repositorio de código abierto. Nuestro objetivo es desarrollar la capacidad de los estudiantes para colaborar, pensar sistemáticamente, adoptar el pensamiento estratégico y táctico, fortalecer su creatividad y pensamiento crítico, algunas de las habilidades más necesarias para el futuro.Our contemporary context, characterized by the complexity and abundance of information, invites us to learn and work with what exists, to understand architecture can be invented as the result of disassembling, re-organizing, hacking, evolving, reassembling or post-producing. In this research we describe the methodological keys of a teaching experience associated with a series of Design Studios. This process oscillates between professional practice and academic research, between existing postindustrial contexts and new urban imaginaries, between canonical architectures and newly invented architectural assemblies, fed from shared catalogues available in open-source repositories. Our goal is to develop the students’ ability to collaborate, think systematically, embrace strategic and tactical thinking and strengthen their creativity and criticality, some of the most necessary skills for the future.Peer Reviewe