2,357 research outputs found
The magnetic fields of starburst galaxies. I. Identification and characterization of the thermal polarization in the galactic disk and outflow
Far-infrared polarized emission by means of magnetically aligned dust grains
is an excellent tracer of the magnetic fields (B-fields) in the cold phase of
the galactic outflows in starburst galaxies. We present a comprehensive study
of the B-fields in three nearby (- Mpc) starbursts (M82, NGC 253,
and NGC 2146) at pc- kpc resolutions using publicly available
- m imaging polarimetric observations with SOFIA/HAWC+,
JCMT/POL-2, and ALMA. We find that the polarized spectral energy distributions
(SEDs) of the full galaxies are dominated by the polarized SEDs of the outflows
with dust temperatures of K and emissive
index of . The disks are characterized
by low K and
. We show that disk- and outflow-dominated
galaxies can be better distinguished by using polarized SEDs instead of total
SEDs. We compute the - m polarization spectrum of the disk and
outflow and find that dust models of the diffuse ISM can reproduce the fairly
constant polarization spectrum of the disk, %. The dust models of heterogenous clouds and two temperature
components are required to explain the polarization spectrum of the outflow
(-% at m, % at m, and a minimum within
- m). We conclude that the polarized dust grains in the outflow
arise from a dust population with higher dust temperature and emissivities than
those from the total flux. The B-fields of the outflows have maximum extensions
within - m reaching heights of kpc, and flatter polarized
fluxes than total fluxes. The extension of the B-field permeating the
circumgalactic medium increases with increasing the star formation rate.Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables. Submitted to ApJ with positive review
by the anonymous referee. Comments are welcom
Lyapunov vectors and excited energy levels of the directed polymer in random media
The scaling behavior of the excited energy levels of the directed polymer in
random media is analyzed numerically. We find that the spatial correlations of
polymer energies scale as for small enough wavenumbers
with a nontrivial exponent . The equivalence between the
stochastic-field equation that describes the partition function of the directed
polymer and that governing the time evolution of infinitesimal perturbations in
space-time chaos is exploited to connect this exponent with the
spatial correlations of Lyapunov vectors reported in the literature. The
relevance of our results for other problems involving optimization in random
systems is discussed
Photochemical cross-linking study of polymers containing diacetylene groups in their main chain and azobenzene compounds as pendant groups
Photochemical cross-linking studies at different temperatures (room temperature, Tg and maximum exothermal of crosslinking peak) are shown for three series of polymers containing diacetylene-groups in the main chain and polar chromophores derived from benzene, azo- and di-azobenzene, as pendant groups. We establish the optimal irradiation time and temperature that permit them being poled and cross-linked with minimal dye-degradation. The degradation process was followed by a diminution of the respective maximum absorption peak. These conditions could extend the mean life-time of the second order nonlinear optical properties, studied previously. Photochemical cross-linking at each polymer´s Tg (50-130°C) was the most convenient process. It took less than 10 min and was monitored by IR spectroscop
Combining mobile-health (mHealth) and artificial intelligence (AI) methods to avoid suicide attempts: the Smartcrises study protocol
The screening of digital footprint for clinical purposes relies on the capacity of wearable technologies
to collect data and extract relevant information’s for patient management. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques
allow processing of real-time observational information and continuously learning from data to build
understanding. We designed a system able to get clinical sense from digital footprints based on the smartphone’s
native sensors and advanced machine learning and signal processing techniques in order to identify suicide risk.
Method/design: The Smartcrisis study is a cross-national comparative study. The study goal is to determine the
relationship between suicide risk and changes in sleep quality and disturbed appetite. Outpatients from the
Hospital Fundación Jiménez DÃaz Psychiatry Department (Madrid, Spain) and the University Hospital of Nimes
(France) will be proposed to participate to the study. Two smartphone applications and a wearable armband will
be used to capture the data. In the intervention group, a smartphone application (MEmind) will allow for the
ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data capture related with sleep, appetite and suicide ideations.
Discussion: Some concerns regarding data security might be raised. Our system complies with the highest level of
security regarding patients’ data. Several important ethical considerations related to EMA method must also be
considered. EMA methods entails a non-negligible time commitment on behalf of the participants. EMA rely on
daily, or sometimes more frequent, Smartphone notifications. Furthermore, recording participants’ daily experiences
in a continuous manner is an integral part of EMA. This approach may be significantly more than asking a
participant to complete a retrospective questionnaire but also more accurate in terms of symptoms monitoring.
Overall, we believe that Smartcrises could participate to a paradigm shift from the traditional identification of risks
factors to personalized prevention strategies tailored to characteristics for each patientThis study was partly funded by Fundación Jiménez DÃaz Hospital, Instituto
de Salud Carlos III (PI16/01852), Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan
Nacional de Drogas (20151073), American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
(AFSP) (LSRG-1-005-16), the Madrid Regional Government (B2017/BMD-3740
AGES-CM 2CM; Y2018/TCS-4705 PRACTICO-CM) and Structural Funds of the
European Union. MINECO/FEDER (‘ADVENTURE’, id. TEC2015–69868-C2–1-R)
and MCIU Explora Grant ‘aMBITION’ (id. TEC2017–92552-EXP), the French Embassy
in Madrid, Spain, The foundation de l’avenir, and the Fondation de
France. The work of D. RamÃrez and A. Artés-RodrÃguez has been partly supported
by Ministerio de EconomÃa of Spain under projects: OTOSIS
(TEC2013–41718-R), AID (TEC2014–62194-EXP) and the COMONSENS Network
(TEC2015–69648-REDC), by the Ministerio de EconomÃa of Spain jointly with
the European Commission (ERDF) under projects ADVENTURE (TEC2015–
69868-C2–1-R) and CAIMAN (TEC2017–86921-C2–2-R), and by the Comunidad
de Madrid under project CASI-CAM-CM (S2013/ICE-2845). The work of P.
Moreno-Muñoz has been supported by FPI grant BES-2016-07762
The structure of magnetic fields in spiral galaxies: a radio and far-infrared polarimetric analysis
We propose and apply a method to quantify the morphology of the large-scale
ordered magnetic fields (B-fields) in galaxies. This method is adapted from the
analysis of Event Horizon Telescope polarization data. We compute a linear
decomposition of the azimuthal modes of the polarization field in radial
galactocentric bins. We apply this approach to five low-inclination spiral
galaxies with both far-infrared (FIR: m ) dust polarimetric
observations taken from the Survey of ExtragALactic magnetiSm with SOFIA
(SALSA) and radio ( cm) synchrotron polarization observations. We find that
the main contribution to the B-field structure of these spiral galaxies comes
from the and modes at FIR wavelengths and the mode at radio
wavelengths. The FIR data tend to have a higher relative contribution from
other modes than the radio data. The extreme case is NGC~6946: all modes
contribute similarly in the FIR, while still dominates in the radio. The
mode has a spiral structure and is directly related to the magnetic pitch
angle, while has a constant B-field orientation. The average magnetic
pitch angle in the FIR data is smaller and has greater angular dispersion than
in the radio, indicating that the B-fields in the disk midplane traced by FIR
dust polarization are more tightly wound and more chaotic than the B-field
structure in the radio, which probes a larger volume. We argue that our
approach is more flexible and model-independent than standard techniques, while
still producing consistent results where directly comparable.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables. Manuscript submitted to ApJ (Comments
are welcome
High-energy Neutrinos from the Inner Circumnuclear Region of NGC 1068
High-energy neutrinos are detected by the IceCube Observatory in the
direction of NGC 1068, the archetypical type II Seyfert galaxy. The neutrino
flux, surprisingly, is more than an order of magnitude higher than the
-ray upper limits at measured TeV energy, posing tight constraints on
the physical conditions of a neutrino production site. We report an analysis of
the sub-millimeter, mid-infrared, and ultraviolet observations of the central
pc of NGC 1068 and suggest that the inner dusty torus and the region where
the jet interacts with the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM) may be a
potential neutrino production site. Based on radiation and magnetic field
properties derived from observations, we calculate the electromagnetic cascade
of the -rays accompanying the neutrinos. Our model may explain the
observed neutrino flux above TeV and contribute to 20% of the
neutrino flux at 3 TeV. It predicts a unique sub-TeV -ray component,
which could be identified by a future observation. Jet-ISM interactions are
commonly observed in the proximity of jets of both supermassive and
stellar-mass black holes. Our results imply that such interaction regions could
be -ray obscured neutrino production sites, which are needed to explain
the IceCube diffuse neutrino flux.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl
The highly polarized dusty emission core of Cygnus A
We report the detection of linearly polarized emission at 53 and 89 m,
from the radio-loud active galactic nucleus (AGN) Cygnus A using HAWC+ onboard
SOFIA. We measure a highly polarized core of % and % with a
position angle (P.A.) of polarization of and
at 53 and 89 m, respectively. We find (1) a synchrotron dominated core
with a flat spectrum () and a turn-over at m,
which implies synchrotron emission is insignificant in the infrared (IR), and
(2) a m bump peaking at m described by a blackbody
component with color temperature of K. The polarized SED has the same
shape as the IR bump of the total flux SED. We observe a change in the P.A. of
polarization of from 2 to 89 m, which suggests a change
of polarization mechanisms. The ultraviolet, optical and near-IR polarization
has been convincingly attributed to scattering by polar dust, consistent with
the usual torus scenario, though this scattered component can only be directly
observed from the core in the near-IR. By contrast, the gradual rotation by
towards the far-IR, and the near-perfect match between the
total and polarized IR bumps, indicate that dust emission from aligned dust
grains becomes dominant at m, with a large polarization of 10% at
a nearly constant P.A. This result suggests that a coherent dusty and magnetic
field structure dominates the m emission around the AGN.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures. accepted for publication in ApJ
Forgotten treasures in the HST/FOC UV imaging polarimetric archives of active galactic nuclei. I. Pipeline and benchmarking against NGC~1068 and exploring IC~5063
Over its 13 years of operation (1990 -- 2002), the Faint Object Camera (FOC)
on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observed 26 individual active
galactic nuclei (AGNs) in ultraviolet (UV) imaging polarimetry. However, not
all of the observations have been reduced and analyzed or set within a
standardized framework. We plan to reduce and analyze the AGN observations that
have been neglected in the FOC archives using a consistent, novel, and
open-access reduction pipeline of our own. We then extend the method to the
full AGN sample, thus leading to potential discoveries in the near future. We
developed a new pipeline in Python that will be able to reduce all the FOC
observations in imaging polarimetry in a homogeneous way. Most of the
previously published reduced observations are dispersed throughout the
literature, with the range of different analyses and approaches making it
difficult to fully interpret the FOC AGN sample. By standardizing the method,
we have enabled a coherent comparison among the different observational sets.
In this first paper of a series exploring the full HST/FOC AGN sample, we
present an exhaustively detailed account of how to properly reduce the
observational data. Current progress in data-analysis is implemented in and has
provided state-of-the-art UV polarimetric maps. We compare our new maps to the
benchmark AGN case of NGC~1068 and successfully reproduce the main results
previously published, while pushing the polarimetric exploration of this AGN
futher, thanks to a finer resolution and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)
than previously reported. We also present, for the first time, an optical
polarimetric map of the radio-loud AGN IC~5063 and we examine the complex
interactions between the AGN outflows and the surrounding interstellar medium
(ISM).Comment: 17 pages, 19 figures, to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysic
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