Surface movement and cascade processes on debris cones in temperate high mountain (Picos de Europa, northern Spain)

Producción CientíficaDebris talus is a very common landform in the temperate high mountain, so much so that it is the most representative of the periglacial and nival processes. This work studies debris cones in the Picos de Europa, an Atlantic mountain range in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. A detailed geomorphological map was prepared, fieldwork was carried out on the debris cone surface, the ground and air thermal regime was analyzed, and a five-year Terrestrial Laser Scan survey carried out. Annual volume changes on the surface of the debris cones were detected and related to active processes and sediment transfer. Two different behaviors were observed in each cone. Cone A is linear, with equilibrium between accumulation and sediment transfer, while Cone B is concave-convex denoting accumulation processes in the upper part deriving from the greater frequency of snow avalanches. Changes in morphology surpass 50 cm/year with most of the activity taking place in the highest and lowest areas. The presence and action of the ice on the debris slope are moderate or non-existent and freeze-thaw processes are only active on the walls at over 2000 m a.s.l. The main processes on debris cones are debris flow and creep related to snowcover, but sediment transfer on the slopes involves high intensity-low frequency (debris flow, avalanches) and high frequency-low intensity processes (creep, shift, solifluction and wasting).Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project CGL2015-68144-R)Junta de Extremadura - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project GR10071

Exploring the Interplay between CAD and FreeFem++ as an Energy Decision-Making Tool for Architectural Design

The energy modelling software tools commonly used for architectural purposes do not allow a straightforward real-time implementation within the architectural design programs. In addition, the surrounding exterior spaces of the building, including the inner courtyards, hardly present a specific treatment distinguishing these spaces from the general external temperature in the thermal simulations. This is a clear disadvantage when it comes to streamlining the design process in relation to the whole-building energy optimization. In this context, the present study aims to demonstrate the advantages of the FreeFem++ open source program for performing simulations in architectural environments. These simulations include microclimate tests that describe the interactions between a building architecture and its local exterior. The great potential of this mathematical tool can be realized through its complete system integration within CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software such as SketchUp or AutoCAD. In order to establish the suitability of FreeFem++ for the performance of simulations, the most widely employed energy simulation tools able to consider a proposed architectural geometry in a specific environment are compared. On the basis of this analysis, it can be concluded that FreeFem++ is the only program displaying the best features for the thermal performance simulation of these specific outdoor spaces, excluding the currently unavailable easy interaction with architectural drawing programs. The main contribution of this research is, in fact, the enhancement of FreeFem++ usability by proposing a simple intuitive method for the creation of building geometries and their respective meshing (pre-processing). FreeFem++ is also considered a tool for data analysis (post-processing) able to help engineers and architects with building energy-efficiency-related tasks

Temperature Measurement in PV Facilities on a Per-Panel Scale

This work is a contribution of the DPI2010-17123 Project supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science and the TEP-6124 Project supported by the Regional Government of Andalusia (Spain). Both projects are also supported by the European Union Regional Development Fund.This paper presents the design, construction and testing of an instrumentation system for temperature measurement in PV facilities on a per-panel scale (i.e., one or more temperature measurements per panel). Its main characteristics are: precision, ease of connection, immunity to noise, remote operation, easy scaling; and all of this at a very low cost. The paper discusses the advantages of temperature measurements in PV facilities on a per-panel scale. The paper presents the whole development to implementation of a real system that is being tested in an actual facility. This has enabled the authors to provide the readers with practical guidelines, which would be very difficult to achieve if the developments were implemented by just simulation or in a theoretical way. The instrumentation system is fully developed, from the temperature sensing to its presentation in a virtual instrument. The developed instrumentation system is able to work both locally and remotely connected to both wired and wireless network

Operators whose adjoints are quasi p-nuclear

For p ≥ 1, a set K in a Banach space X is said to be relatively p-compact if there exists a p-summable sequence (xn) in X with K ⊆{Pn αnxn : (αn) ∈ B`p0}. We prove that an operator T : X → Y is p-compact (i.e., T maps bounded sets to relatively p-compact sets) iff T∗ is quasi p-nuclear. Further, we characterize p-summing operators as those operators whose adjoints map relatively compact sets to relatively p-compact sets

Some properties and applications of equicompact sets of operators

Let X and Y be Banach spaces. A subset M of K(X,Y ) (the vector space of all compact operators from X into Y endowed with the operator norm) is said to be equicompact if every bounded sequence (xn) in X has a subsequence (xk(n))n such that (Txk(n))n is uniformly convergent for T ∈ M. We study the relationship between this concept and the notion of uniformly completely continuous set and give some applications. Among other results, we obtain a generalization of the classical Ascoli theorem and a compactness criterion in Mc(F,X), the Banach space of all (finitely additive) vector measures (with compact range) from a field F of sets into X endowed with the semivariation norm

Evolución durante 141 años (1875-2016) del retroceso de la línea de costa de la playa del Puntal-Somo-Las Quebrantas (Cantabria)

Producción CientíficaLa barra de arena denominada El Puntal es el rompeolas “natural” de la bahía de la ciudad de Santander. Esta forma del relieve costero es dinámica, y por tanto tiene el inconveniente que en coincidencia de fuertes temporales marinos con grandes oleajes (mayores a 8 metros) y coeficientes elevados de pleamar (superiores a 100) pueden provocar su destrucción parcial, y por tanto debe reponerse con dunas artificiales de arena y vegetación. La dinámica de la barra de arena debe controlarse, ya que la acumulación de arena submarina en la bocana de entrada a la bahía puede provocar que no exista suficiente calado para la envergadura de los barcos que acceden al puerto de Santander. Pero, en este artículo solo trataremos de la dinámica superficial de la playa del Puntal-Somo-Las Quebrantas, y no lo que ocurre por debajo del nivel de la lámina de agua. Para la realización de la evolución del Puntal-Somo se ha utilizado cartografía histórica (1875, 1908, 1920, 1946, 1950, 1985), la cual se ha escaneado y georeferenciado en ETRS 89. Posteriormente, se han digitalizado las curvas de nivel de 0 m y 5 m (la curva de nivel de 5 m se encuentra entre la cabeza y el pie del talud del frente arenoso) para cada cartografía. Con los vuelos fotogramétricos de los años 2001, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2014 se han restituido las curvas de nivel de 0 m, la cabeza y pie del talud arenoso. También se han digitalizado los vuelos de 1985, 1988 y 2001, de los cuales no se dispone del certificado de calibración de la cámara. Además, del estudio de la evolución cartográfica histórica de la playa del Puntal-Somo, se han realizado trabajos geomáticos (cartografía, topografía, fotogrametría, escáner láser terrestre) en la zona de Las Quebrantas. Los trabajos geomáticos en la zona de Las Quebrantas comenzaron en 1988 (proyecto CICYT, PB87-0800), siendo en el periodo 1988-1993 cuando se hicieron perfiles topográficos y batimétricos que mostraron ligeros cambios en la línea de costa. Para constatar estos cambios se ha estudiado la evolución de la zona de Las Quebrantas digitalizando cartografía histórica desde 1875 hasta 1985, también mediante técnicas fotogramétricas se ha analizado el periodo 1985-2014; y desde el año 2011 hasta la actualidad se están realizando dos mediciones anuales con escáner láser terrestre. Para este estudio comparativo, se ha seleccionado un área de la línea de costa de 400 metros

Mapping the potential distribution of frozen ground in Tucarroya (Monte Perdido Massif, the Pyrenees)

Producción CientíficaEste trabajo describe la metodología utilizada para cartografiar los suelos potencialmente helados en el valle de Tucarroya, en el Parque Nacional de Ordesa. Para cartografiar las formas asociadas a la presencia de hielo se combinó trabajo de campo, datos térmicos procedentes de sensores automáticos de temperatura del suelo y mediciones de la base del manto de nieve (BTS), así como variables predictivas obtenidas de un Modelo Digital de Elevaciones (MDE). La cartografía diferencia cuatro ambientes, suelo no congelado con actividad de la helada, suelos helados estacionales, permafrost posible y permafrost probable. El mapa revela una extensión del permafrost muy limitada, con escasez de formas asociadas. Solo se ha detectado por encima de los 2700 m de altitud en ambientes topográficos favorables, pendientessuaves y protegidos de la radiación solar. Los suelos helados estacionales son los ambientes más comunes y se desarrollan por encima de los 2500 m s.n.m., mientras los suelos no congelados,pero con heladas solo están presentes entre los 2570 y los 2750 m de altitud en laderas que reciben elevada radiación solarMinisterio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (projects CGL2015-68144-R / CGL2017-82216-R)Geoparque de Sobrarbe (project R- ADM15/57

Geomatic methods applied to the change study of the la Paúl Rock Glacier, Spanish Pyrenees

Producción CientíficaRock glaciers are one of the most important features of the mountain permafrost in the Pyrenees. La Paúl is an active rock glacier located in the north face of the Posets massif in the La Paúl glacier cirque (Spanish Pyrenees). This study presents the preliminary results of the La Paúl rock glacier monitoring works carried out through two geomatic technologies since 2013: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) devices. Displacements measured on the rock glacier surface have demonstrated both the activity of the rock glacier and the utility of this equipment for the rock glaciers dynamic analysis. The glacier has exhibited the fastest displacements on its west side (over 35 cm yr-1), affected by the Little Ice Age, and frontal area (over 25 cm yr-1). As an indicator of permafrost in marginal environments and its peculiar morphology, La Paúl rock glacier encourages a more prolonged study and to the application of more geomatic techniques for its detailed analysis.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project CGL2015-68144-R)Junta de Extremadura - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project GR10071

New species of Leptocaris and a new record of Darcythompsonia inopinata (Harpacticoida: Darcythompsoniidae) from Colombia

Water samples taken from Rodadero Bay (Colombia) yielded three species of harpacticoid copepods of the family Darcythompsoniidae. Leptocaris colombiana sp. nov. is attributed to the brevicornis-group, and is characterized by the five-segmented antennule, discrete (not fused) female genital somite and third urosomite, six setae on the caudal rami, two setae on the antennal exopod, lack of abexopodal seta on the allobasis of the antenna, mandibular palp reduced to one seta, one inner seta only on the first endopodal segment of leg one and second segment with two apical elements, and by three setae on leg five. Leptocaris vicina sp. nov., is attributed to the mangalis-group, and is similar to L. stromatolicola in the armature formula of leg one to leg four, female leg five with two inner small subequal setae and one outer long element, five-segmented female antennule, antenna with one abexopodal seta on allobasis, antennal exopod reduced to two setae, mandibular palp reduced to one seta, and maxilla with two endites. These two species can be separated by the shape of the anal operculum, by the relative length of the endopodal segments of legs two and three, and by the innermost distal spine of the endopodal segment of the antenna. The record of Darcythompsonia inopinata from northern Colombia represents a continuum along the Caribbean coast of the Pacific dominion, Brazilian subregion.Se hallaron tres especies de copépodos harpacticoides de la familia Darcythompsoniidae en muestras de agua tomadas de la Bahía del Rodadero (Colombia). Leptocaris colombiana sp. nov. pertenece al grupo brevicornis, y se caracteriza por la anténula de cinco segmentos, somita genital y tercer urosomita de la hembra discretos (no fusionados), ramas caudales con seis setas, exópodo de la antena representado por dos setas, alobase de la antena sin seta abexopodal, palpo mandibular reducido a una seta, primer segmento del endópodo de la pata uno con una seta interna y segundo segmento con dos setas apicales, y pata cinco con tres setas. Leptocaris vicina sp. nov. pertenece al grupo mangalis y es similar a L. stromatolicola en la fórmula de setas y espinas de las patas uno a cuatro, pata cinco de la hembra con dos setas internas pequeñas de la misma longitud y un elemento externo largo, anténula de la hembra de cinco segmentos, alobase de la antena con una seta abexopodal, exópodo de la antena reducido a dos setas, palpo mandibular reducido a una seta, maxila con dos enditos. Estas dos especies pueden distinguirse por la forma del opérculo anal, por la longitud relativa de los segmentos del endópodo de las patas dos y tres, y por la espina interna del segmento del endópodo de la antena. Finalmente, el registro de Darcythompsonia inopinata en el norte de Colombia representa un continuo a lo largo de la costa caribeña del dominio del Pacífico, subregión Brasileña

Application of Multiple Geomatic Techniques for Coastline Retreat Analysis: The Case of Gerra Beach (Cantabrian Coast, Spain)

Producción CientíficaThe beaches of the Cantabrian coast (northern Spain) are exposed to strong winter storms that cause the coastline to recede. In this article, the coastal retreat of the Gerra beach (Cantabria) is analyzed through a diachronic study using the following different geomatic techniques: orthophotography of the year 1956; photogrammetric flights from 2001, 2005, 2010, 2014, 2017; Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) survey from August 2012; Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) survey from November 2018; and terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) through two dates per year (spring and fall) from April 2012 to April 2020. With the 17 observations of TLS, differences in volume of the beach and the sea cliff are determined during the winter (November–April) and summer (May–October) periods, searching their relationship with the storms in this eight-year period (2012–2020). From the results of this investigation it can be concluded that the retreat of the base of the cliff is insignificant, but this is not the case for the top of the cliff and for the existing beaches in the Cantabrian Sea where the retreat is evident. The retreat of the cliff top line in Gerra beach, between 1956 and 2020 has shown values greater than 40 m. The retreat in other beaches of the Cantabrian Sea, in the same period, has been more than 200 m. With our measurements, investigations carried out on the retreat of the cliffs on the Atlantic coast have been reinforced, where the diversity of the cliff lithology and the aggressive action of the sea (storms) have been responsible for the active erosion on the face cliff. In addition, this research applied geomatic techniques that have appeared commercially during the period (1956–2020), such as aerial photogrammetry, TLS, LiDAR, and UAV and analyzed the results to determine the precision that could be obtained with each method for its application to similar geomorphological structures.Junta de Extremadura and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) grant (GR18053)FCT project- Instituto Dom Luiz (UIDB/50019/2020