Råttors sjukdomar

This examination paper is about diseases of rats. The examination paper also includes sampling techniques, administration techniques and radiography. A detailed account of diseases of rats and their symptoms has been included. This examination paper is primarily written for veterinary technicians but also for others with interest in the subject.Arbetet handlar om råttors sjukdomar. Arbetet innefattar även sammanställning av provtagningsteknik på råttor, administreringsteknik på råttor samt röntgen av råttor. En utförlig sammanställning över råttors sjukdomar samt symtomen för dessa har tagits upp. Arbetet är främst utformat för djursjukvårdare men även för andra som är intresserade av ämnet

The Effects of Pregnenolone 16α-Carbonitrile Dosing on Digoxin Pharmacokinetics and Intestinal Absorption in the Rat

The effect of Pgp induction in rats by pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) (3 days, 35 mg/kg/d, p.o.) on digoxin pharmacokinetics and intestinal transport has been assessed. After intravenous or oral digoxin dosing the arterial and hepatic portal vein (oral) AUC(0-24h) were significantly reduced by PCN pre-treatment. Biliary digoxin clearance increased 2-fold following PCN treatment. PCN significantly increased net digoxin secretion (2.05- and 4.5-fold respectively) in ileum and colon but not in duodenum or jejunum. This increased secretion correlated with increased Pgp protein expression in ileum and colon. Both intestinal and biliary excretion therefore contribute to altered digoxin disposition following PCN

Population-based consultation patterns in patients with shoulder pain diagnoses

Background: To assess the annual consultation prevalence and new onset consultation rate for doctor-diagnosed shoulder pain conditions. Methods: We identified all residents in the southernmost county in Sweden who received a shoulder pain diagnosis during 2006 (ICD-10 code M75). In subjects who did not consult due to such disorders during 2004 and 2005, we estimated the new onset consultation rate. The distribution of specific shoulder conditions and the length of the period of repeated consultation were calculated. Results: Annual consultation prevalence was 103/10 000 women and 98/10 000 men. New onset consultation rate was 80/10 000 women (peak in age 50-59 at 129/10 000) and 74/10 000 men (peak in age 60-69 at 116/10 000). About one fifth of both genders continued to consult more than three months after initial presentation, but only a few percent beyond two years. Rotator cuff - and impingement syndromes were the most frequent diagnoses. Conclusion: The annual consultation prevalence for shoulder pain conditions (1%) was similar in women and men, and about two thirds of patients consulted a doctor only once. Impingement and rotator cuff syndromes were the most frequent diagnoses

Decrease in sick leave among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the first 12 months after start of treatment with tumour necrosis factor antagonists: a population-based controlled cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: /st> To investigate the effect of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on sick leave (SL) and disability pension (DP) in a population-based setting in southern Sweden. METHODS: /st> All patients with RA in the South Swedish Arthritis Treatment Group register living in the county of Skåne (population 1.2 million), who started their first treatment with a TNF antagonist between January 2004 and December 2007 and were 18-58 years at treatment start (n=365), were identified. For each patient with RA, four matched reference subjects from the general population were randomly selected. Data were linked to the Swedish Social Insurance Agency register and the point prevalence of SL and DP as well as days of SL and DP per month were calculated from 360 days before until 360 days after treatment start. RESULTS: /st> At treatment start 38.6% of the patients with RA were registered for SL. During the first 6 months this share dropped to 28.5% (decrease by 26.2%, p There was a marked decline in SL during the first 6 months of TNF antagonist treatment in patients with RA in southern Sweden, maintained throughout the first year, which was not offset by a corresponding increase in DP

Foderproduktion och metanbildning i våmmen utgör 85-90 % av mjölkens klimatpåverkan

Klimatpåverkan från mjölkproduktionen har varit i fokus de senaste åren, inte minst p g a djurens utsläpp av metan. Mjölkens klimatpåverkan består dock inte enbart av metan från foderomvandling i våmmen. Även foderproduktionen står för en betydande andel av växthusgaserna medan t ex transporter och gårdens elförbrukning utgör små andelar

Sensitive detection of Aβ protofibrils by proximity ligation - relevance for Alzheimer's disease

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Protein aggregation plays important roles in several neurodegenerative disorders. For instance, insoluble aggregates of phosphorylated tau and of Aβ peptides are cornerstones in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Soluble protein aggregates are therefore potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for their cognate disorders. Detection of the aggregated species requires sensitive tools that efficiently discriminate them from monomers of the same proteins. Here we have established a proximity ligation assay (PLA) for specific and sensitive detection of Aβ protofibrils via simultaneous recognition of three identical determinants present in the aggregates. PLA is a versatile technology in which the requirement for multiple target recognitions is combined with the ability to translate signals from detected target molecules to amplifiable DNA strands, providing very high specificity and sensitivity.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>For specific detection of Aβ protofibrils we have used a monoclonal antibody, mAb158, selective for Aβ protofibrils in a modified PLA, where the same monoclonal antibody was used for the three classes of affinity reagents required in the assay. These reagents were used for detection of soluble Aβ aggregates in solid-phase reactions, allowing detection of just 0.1 pg/ml Aβ protofibrils, and with a dynamic range greater than six orders of magnitude. Compared to a sandwich ELISA setup of the same antibody the PLA increases the sensitivity of the Aβ protofibril detection by up to 25-fold. The assay was used to measure soluble Aβ aggregates in brain homogenates from mice transgenic for a human allele predisposing to Aβ aggregation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The proximity ligation assay is a versatile analytical technology for proteins, which can provide highly sensitive and specific detection of Aβ aggregates - and by implication other protein aggregates of relevance in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.</p

Pharmacological and optical activation of TrkB in Parvalbumin interneurons regulate intrinsic states to orchestrate cortical plasticity

Elevated states of brain plasticity typical for critical periods of early postnatal life can be reinstated in the adult brain through interventions, such as antidepressant treatment and environmental enrichment, and induced plasticity may be critical for the antidepressant action. Parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons regulate the closure of developmental critical periods and can alternate between high and low plasticity states in response to experience in adulthood. We now show that PV plasticity states and cortical networks are regulated through the activation of TrkB neurotrophin receptors. Visual cortical plasticity induced by fluoxetine, a widely prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant, was lost in mice with reduced expression of TrkB in PV interneurons. Conversely, optogenetic gain-of-function studies revealed that activation of an optically activatable TrkB (optoTrkB) specifically in PV interneurons switches adult cortical networks into a state of elevated plasticity within minutes by decreasing the intrinsic excitability of PV interneurons, recapitulating the effects of fluoxetine. TrkB activation shifted cortical networks towards a low PV configuration, promoting oscillatory synchrony, increased excitatory-inhibitory balance, and ocular dominance plasticity. OptoTrkB activation promotes the phosphorylation of Kv3.1 channels and reduces the expression of Kv3.2 mRNA providing a mechanism for the lower excitability. In addition, decreased expression and puncta of Synaptotagmin2 (Syt2), a presynaptic marker of PV interneurons involved in Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release, suggests lower inputs onto pyramidal neurons suppressing feed-forward inhibition. Together, the results provide mechanistic insights into how TrkB activation in PV interneurons orchestrates the activity of cortical networks and mediating antidepressant responses in the adult brain.Peer reviewe

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Allows Non-Invasive Functional and Structural Evaluation of Diabetic Kidney Disease

BackgroundWe sought to develop a novel non-contrast multi-parametric MRI (mpMRI) protocol employing several complementary techniques in a single scan session for a comprehensive functional and structural evaluation of diabetic kidney disease (DKD).MethodsIn the cross-sectional part of this prospective observational study, 38 subjects aged 18‒79 years with type 2 diabetes and DKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 15‒60 ml/min/1.73 m2), and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers (HV) underwent mpMRI. Repeat mpMRI was performed in 23 DKD subjects and 10 HV. By measured GFR (mGFR), 2 DKD subjects had GFR stage G2, 16 stage G3, and 20 stage G4/5. A wide range of MRI-biomarkers associated with kidney hemodynamics, oxygenation, and macro/micro-structure were evaluated. Their optimal sensitivity, specificity and repeatability to differentiate diabetic versus healthy kidneys, and categorize various stages of disease as well as their correlation with mGFR/albuminuria was assessed.ResultsSeveral MRI-biomarkers differentiated diabetic from healthy kidneys and distinct GFR stages (G3 versus G4/5); mean arterial flow (MAF) was the strongest predictor (sensitivity = 0.94 and 1.0, specificity = 1.00 and 0.69, p = 0.04 and 0.004, respectively). Parameters significantly correlating with mGFR were specific measures of kidney hemodynamics, oxygenation, microstructure and macrostructure, with MAF being the strongest univariate predictor (r = 0.92, p<0.0001).ConclusionsA comprehensive and repeatable non-contrast mpMRI protocol was developed that as a single, non-invasive tool allows functional and structural assessment of DKD, which has the potential to provide valuable insights into underlying pathophysiology, disease progression and analysis of efficacy/mode of action of therapeutic interventions in DKD

Global Perspectives on Immunization During Pregnancy and Priorities for Future Research and Development: An International Consensus Statement.

Immunization during pregnancy has been recommended in an increasing number of countries. The aim of this strategy is to protect pregnant women and infants from severe infectious disease, morbidity and mortality and is currently limited to tetanus, inactivated influenza, and pertussis-containing vaccines. There have been recent advancements in the development of vaccines designed primarily for use in pregnant women (respiratory syncytial virus and group B Streptococcus vaccines). Although there is increasing evidence to support vaccination in pregnancy, important gaps in knowledge still exist and need to be addressed by future studies. This collaborative consensus paper provides a review of the current literature on immunization during pregnancy and highlights the gaps in knowledge and a consensus of priorities for future research initiatives, in order to optimize protection for both the mother and the infant