Nationellt miljökvalitetsmål på lokal nivå

Several thousand years of human impact on the landscape in the form of cultivation is the reason to many nature- and culture values in the agricultural landscape today. Intensification and rationalization has led to vast monocultures and has forced many farms to close down. These trends have increased in the last years and constitute great threats to the values of the cultivation landscape. The purpose with the environmental objective A varied agricultural landscape is to protect these values. The environmental action plan of the municipality of Lund (LundaEko) 2006-2012 is built on the 16 national environmental objectives. The purpose with this paper is to put together material that the municipality of Lund can use in their work with modifying the local intermediate goals for the environmental objective A varied cultural landscape. The overall issue for this paper is ”What has happened with the state of the cultivation landscape in the municipality of Lund since LundaEko was approved in 2006?” The paper seeks to portrait the current conditions of the following fields: meadows and pastures, organic farming, exploitation threats to agricultural land, landscape elements with cultural values and species that are threatened. Focus is on the follow-up of strategies and their effects on the agricultural landscape. Eight measures have been achieved or have had noticeable positive results. The work with six measures is still in progress and with five of the measures has the work still not started. Four of the measures where work has yet to be started directly involve the farmers within the municipality. Area with pasture has increased with 31, 79 % in the last ten years. 12 % of the total agricultural land is organic farming. This is an increase with 6 % since 2001. 1 662 ha are planes for some sort of exploitation. Two nature reserves have been created under the period and three more are in progress. Several green passages have been built, which are important for the landscape elements with cultural values. In spite of the fact that the municipality of Lund is one of the most examined in the country, there are still knowledge gaps concerning specific areas in the municipality and regarding some organisms. Resources are needed for inventories and preservation. Identification of some factors in the surrounding world and interviews with three farmers have showed challenges for the future

Sverigedemokraterna och Islamofobi : en analys av islamofobiska inslag i Sverigedemokraternas politiska uttalanden och av valfilmen från 2010

This essay is based on the concept of Islamophobia and its significance. Islamophobia is a modern and a relatively new term that is defined in the hatred and prejudice against Islam and Muslims. In this essay it is possible to follow the arguments that can be seen as a sign that Muslims and those considered being Muslims face discrimination in the Swedish society. The fact that Muslims have a low ranking in the Swedish power hierarchy creates an unequal society. A central concept in this essay is the “we and them”- mentality as a social mind-set, where “them” is a collectivization of Muslims to one ethnical group considered to have Islamic undemocratic values that constitute a danger towards Sweden but also towards the western welfare system. This threat is sometimes expressed by the conspiracy theory “Eurabia”. The essay focus on political statements from the Swedish political party: the Sweden Democrats. The analysis, which is a mixture of content and argumentation analysis, will be centered on the question if one can find Islamophobic elements in these political statements and in the Sweden Democrats election movie from 2010

Idealtyper och stereotyper inom feminism : en kvalitativ studie om kvinnors ställningstagande till feminism och hur detta kan likställas och jämföras med stereotypa föreställningar om feminism och idealtyper utifrån tre valda feministiska perspektiv.

Feminism is a concept that can be considered extremely topical in Sweden in both the social and political context. Therefore, it is interesting to examine women’s position towards the concept and if they want to be identified as a feminist. This study is based on how women’s position towards feminism and feminists can be challenged by stereotypes and ideal types in the discourse of the concepts. The study is performed in the form of qualitative research interviews with women aged 20-25. The interviews are designed to focus on how women describe feminism and feminists, and how their opinions can be compared and contrasted with the stereotypes and idealtypes that can be seen as central in the discourse about feminism. In order to study how their perceptions are formed, I have besides using stereotypes and Max Weber’s ideal types used a theoretical understanding that is combined of epistemologies represented in liberal feminism, radical feminism and specificity feminism. I have been able to see how perceptions are affected by stereotyped beliefs and ideals and how these can be equated with the three selected feminism approaches. Through the use of a qualitative research study I have been able to take part of the respondents' views of the world of concepts and thus been able to analyze how these stereotypes and ideal types affect women’s position and identification with feminism

Marine diversity shift linked to interactions among grazers, nutrients and propagule banks

Diverse coastal seaweed communities dominated by perennial fucoids become replaced by species-poor turfs of annual algae throughout the Baltic Sea. A large-scale field survey and factorial field experiments indicated that grazers maintain the fucoid community through selective consumption of annual algae. Interactive effects between grazers and dormant propagules of annual algae, stored in a 'marine seed bank', determine the response of this system to anthropogenic nutrient loading. Nutrients override grazer control and accelerate the loss of algal diversity in the presence but not in the absence of a propagule bank. This implies a novel role of propagule banks for community regulation and ecosystem response to marine eutrophication

Extending in Silico Protein Target Prediction Models to Include Functional Effects.

In silico protein target deconvolution is frequently used for mechanism-of-action investigations; however existing protocols usually do not predict compound functional effects, such as activation or inhibition, upon binding to their protein counterparts. This study is hence concerned with including functional effects in target prediction. To this end, we assimilated a bioactivity training set for 332 targets, comprising 817,239 active data points with unknown functional effect (binding data) and 20,761,260 inactive compounds, along with 226,045 activating and 1,032,439 inhibiting data points from functional screens. Chemical space analysis of the data first showed some separation between compound sets (binding and inhibiting compounds were more similar to each other than both binding and activating or activating and inhibiting compounds), providing a rationale for implementing functional prediction models. We employed three different architectures to predict functional response, ranging from simplistic random forest models ('Arch1') to cascaded models which use separate binding and functional effect classification steps ('Arch2' and 'Arch3'), differing in the way training sets were generated. Fivefold stratified cross-validation outlined cascading predictions provides superior precision and recall based on an internal test set. We next prospectively validated the architectures using a temporal set of 153,467 of in-house data points (after a 4-month interim from initial data extraction). Results outlined Arch3 performed with the highest target class averaged precision and recall scores of 71% and 53%, which we attribute to the use of inactive background sets. Distance-based applicability domain (AD) analysis outlined that Arch3 provides superior extrapolation into novel areas of chemical space, and thus based on the results presented here, propose as the most suitable architecture for the functional effect prediction of small molecules. We finally conclude including functional effects could provide vital insight in future studies, to annotate cases of unanticipated functional changeover, as outlined by our CHRM1 case study.LM thanks the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BB/K011804/1); and AstraZeneca, grant number RG75821

Datasets and their influence on the development of computer assisted synthesis planning tools in the pharmaceutical domain

Computer Assisted Synthesis Planning (CASP) has gained considerable interest as of late. Herein we investigate a template-based retrosynthetic planning tool, trained on a variety of datasets consisting of up to 17.5 million reactions. We demonstrate that models trained on datasets such as internal Electronic Laboratory Notebooks (ELN), and the publicly available United States Patent Office (USPTO) extracts, are sufficient for the prediction of full synthetic routes to compounds of interest in medicinal chemistry. As such we have assessed the models on 1731 compounds from 41 virtual libraries for which experimental results were known. Furthermore, we show that accuracy is a misleading metric for assessment of the policy network, and propose that the number of successfully applied templates, in conjunction with the overall ability to generate full synthetic routes be examined instead. To this end we found that the specificity of the templates comes at the cost of generalizability, and overall model performance. This is supplemented by a comparison of the underlying datasets and their corresponding models

Autonomous Drug Design with Multi-Armed Bandits

Recent developments in artificial intelligence and automation support a new drug design paradigm: autonomous drug design. Under this paradigm, generative models can provide suggestions on thousands of molecules with specific properties, and automated laboratories can potentially make, test and analyze molecules with minimal human supervision. However, since still only a limited number of molecules can be synthesized and tested, an obvious challenge is how to efficiently select among provided suggestions in a closed-loop system. We formulate this task as a stochastic multi-armed bandit problem with multiple plays, volatile arms and similarity information. To solve this task, we adapt previous work on multi-armed bandits to this setting, and compare our solution with random sampling, greedy selection and decaying-epsilon-greedy selection strategies. According to our simulation results, our approach has the potential to perform better exploration and exploitation of the chemical space for autonomous drug design

Prediction of the Chemical Context for Buchwald-Hartwig Coupling Reactions

We present machine learning models for predicting the chemical context for Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reactions, i. e., what chemicals to add to the reactants to give a productive reaction. Using reaction data from in-house electronic lab notebooks, we train two models: one based on single-label data and one based on multi-label data. Both models show excellent top-3 accuracy of approximately 90 %, which suggests strong predictivity. Furthermore, there seems to be an advantage of including multi-label data because the multi-label model shows higher accuracy and better sensitivity for the individual contexts than the single-label model. Although the models are performant, we also show that such models need to be re-trained periodically as there is a strong temporal characteristic to the usage of different contexts. Therefore, a model trained on historical data will decrease in usefulness with time as newer and better contexts emerge and replace older ones. We hypothesize that such significant transitions in the context-usage will likely affect any model predicting chemical contexts trained on historical data. Consequently, training context prediction models warrants careful planning of what data is used for training and how often the model needs to be re-trained