A reduced basis for a local high definition wind model

In this paper we present an application of the reduced basis method to a local high definition adjusted wind model. The model provides a precise description of the wind in 3D and takes into account topography and thermal gradients on the surface by solving only 2D linear equations; the buoyancy forces, slope effects, and mass conservation are also considered. The wind field is adjusted to the point measurements through an optimal control problem in which the wind flux acts as a control on the boundary. In order to use a reduced basis method, we consider an affine decomposition in terms of the parameter related to the friction coefficient and the wind measures at some given observation points. We also design an a posteriori error estimator that is needed to conduct our reduced basis process. Finally, two numerical examples are presented: a test problem and a real-data scenario, we corroborate the correct behavior of the method in both cases.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España; FONDECYT N1140392, CONICYT; Basal CMM U. de Chile

Correlative optical photothermal infrared and X-ray fluorescence for chemical imaging of trace elements and relevant molecular structures directly in neurons

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, costing about 1% of the global economy. Failures ofclinical trials targeting amyloid-βprotein (Aβ), a key trigger of AD, have been explained by drug inefficiency regardlessof the mechanisms of amyloid neurotoxicity, which are very difficult to address by available technologies. Here, wecombine two imaging modalities that stand at opposite ends of the electromagnetic spectrum, and therefore, can beused as complementary tools to assess structural and chemical information directly in a single neuron. Combininglabel-free super-resolution microspectroscopy for sub-cellular imaging based on novel optical photothermal infrared(O-PTIR) and synchrotron-based X-rayfluorescence (S-XRF) nano-imaging techniques, we capture elementaldistribution andfibrillary forms of amyloid-βproteins in the same neurons at an unprecedented resolution. Our resultsreveal that in primary AD-like neurons, iron clusters co-localize with elevated amyloidβ-sheet structures and oxidizedlipids. Overall, our O-PTIR/S-XRF results motivate using high-resolution multimodal microspectroscopic approaches tounderstand the role of molecular structures and trace elements within a single neuronal cell

Large-scale velocity field and strain tensor in Iran inferred from GPS measurements: new insight for the present-day deformation pattern within NE Iran

International audienceA network of 26 GPS sites was implemented in Iran and Northern Oman to measure displacements in this part of the Arabia–Eurasia collision zone. We present the GPS velocity field obtained from three surveys performed in 1999 September, 2001 October and 2005 September and the deduced strain tensor. This study refines previous studies inferred from only the two first surveys. Improvements are significant in NE Iran. The present-day shortening rate across the mountain belts of NE Iran is estimated to 5 ± 1 mm yr−1 at about N11°, 2 ± 1 mm yr−1 of NS shortening across the eastern Kopet Dag and 3 ± 1 mm yr−1 of NS shortening across Binalud and Kuh-e-Sorkh. Our GPS measurements emphasize the varying character of the Kopet Dag deformation between its southeastern part with prevailing thrusting at low rates and its northwestern part with dominant strike-slip activity at increasing rates. The principal axes of the horizontal strain tensor appears very homogeneous from the Zagros to the Alborz and the Kopet-Dag (N20°) and in eastern Iran (Makran and Lut block: N30°). Only NW Iran suffers a variable strain pattern which seems to wrap the Caspian basin. The strain tensor map underlines the existence of large homogeneous tectonic provinces in terms of style and amplitude of the deformation

A linearization account of either … or constructions

To account for the linear freedom of either in disjunction constructions, I expand upon the focus-based account of den Dikken (2006).Word order constraints, in contrast to movement rules or base-generation constraints, provide the mechanism for explaining the distributional data. I argue that all positional variability exhibited by either ultimately derives from a licensing construction that enables either to be shuffled about disjunct-internally, yet simultaneously prevents either from entering into linear precedence relations with disjunct-external constituents. Restrictions on the surface realization of either result from a linear precedence rule ordering either before the contrastive focus, language particular constraints on word order, and general constraints on coordinate ellipsis. Overall, this analysis presents an account of either . . . or constructions that introduces only a single linear precedence rule and a licensing construction for combining either with disjunctions to account for the data, relying on independently-motivated constraints to carry the rest of the analytical burden