How Can a Polymeric Formula Induce Remission in Crohn’s Disease Patients ?

International audienceCrohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease whose prevalence is increasing worldwide. Among medical strategies, dietary therapy with exclusive enteral nutrition is recommended as a first-line option, at least for children, because it induces clinical remission and mucosal healing. Modulen®, a polymeric TGF-β2 enriched formula, has good palatability and is widely used. For the first time in the literature, this review outlines and discusses the clinical outcomes obtained with this therapy, as well as the potential mechanisms of action of its compounds. It can be explained by its TGF-β2 content, but also by its protein and lipid composition. Further well-designed studies are required to improve our knowledge and to optimize therapeutic strategies

3D reconstruction of the fortified entrance of the Citadel of Aleppo from a few sightseeing photos

International audienceBuilt at the beginning of the 16th century by the final Mamluk sultan Al-Achraf Qânsûh Al-Ghûrî, the entrance to the Citadel of Aleppo was particularly affected by an earthquake in 1822, bombings during the Battle of Aleppo in August 2012, and a collapse of ramparts due to an explosion in July 2015. Even if compared to other Syrian sites, there are still enough vestiges to grasp the initial architecture, the civil war situation makes extremely difficult any "classic" process of digitization by photogrammetry or laser scanning. On this basis, we propose a process to produce a 3D model "as relevant as possible" only from a few sightseeing photographs. This process combines fast 3D sketching by photogrammetry, 3D modeling and texture mapping and relies on a corpus based on pictures available on the net. Furthermore, it has the advantage to be applicable to destroyed monuments if sufficient pictures are available. Five photos taken in 2005 by a tourist archaeologist around the entrance were first used to generate a partial and poor quality point cloud with photogrammetry. The main elements of the inner gate and a part of the arched bridge are distinguishable on the point (Fig. 1). Because the architecture is fairly rectilinear and symmetrical, it has been possible to redraw in 3D most of the outlines by constantly comparing with what is visible on these first photos. The next step is the enrichment of the 3D model from the initial geometric basis and thanks to a corpus of photos available on the internet. This corpus was constituted from selection of pictures obtained with a search on Google Web Search and the keywords "Citadel" and "Aleppo". The selection took into account both the resolution of the images and the coverage of the items of interest and gathered 66 pictures. The enrichment of the 3D model is performed through an iterative process made up of four main steps: (i) orthophoto extraction from some photos of the corpus (ii) 3D modeling from these orthophotos (iii) seamless texture extraction (iv) texture mapping. The resulting 3D textured model is presented in Fig. 2. There are still some uncovered lateral areas, unreadable engraved wall writings, and some details are reconstructed naively, but the essential items, allowing to visually characterize the fortified entrance as a whole, have been reconstituted. The 3D model was first used to produce some renderings intended to obtain first reviews from archaeologists and architecture specialists, photos and complementary documents allowing correcting and filling the gaps. We wish to set a collaborative process to improve the model, based on an exchange with experts of the domain. The resulting model aims at feeding an interactive website dedicated to 3D display of heritage under threats. Other rendering of the model such as virtual reality or 3D printing could also be considered to share this testimony of our heritage. The application of this methodology to other sites deserves further studies that would depend on the possibilities of photogrammetry, the architectural complexities and human means for 3D modeling

3D Sketching of the Fortified Entrance of the Citadel of Aleppo from a Few Sightseeing Photos

First Online : 22 June 2019International audienceOriginally built during the Ayyubid era by the son of Saladin, al-Malik al-Zahir Ghazi (1186–1216), and rebuilt throughout the Mamluk era (1260–1516), the entrance to the citadel of Aleppo was particularly affected by an earthquake in 1822, bombings during the Battle of Aleppo in August 2012, and a collapse of ramparts due to an explosion in July 2015. Even if compared to other Syrian sites, there are still enough vestiges to grasp the initial architecture, the civil war situation makes extremely difficult any “classic” process of digitization by photogrammetry or laser scanning. On this basis, we propose a process to produce a 3D model “as relevant as possible” only from a few sightseeing photographs. This process combines fast 3D sketching by photogrammetry, 3D modeling, texture mapping and relies on a corpus based on pictures available on the net. Furthermore, it has the advantage to be applicable to destroyed monuments if sufficient pictures are available. Five photos taken in 2005 by a tourist archaeologist around the entrance were first used to generate a partial and poor quality point cloud with photogrammetry. The main elements of the inner gate and a part of the arched bridge are distinguishable on the point. Because the architecture is fairly rectilinear and symmetrical, it has been possible to redraw in 3D most of the outlines by constantly comparing with what is visible on these first photos. The next step is the enrichment of the 3D model from the initial geometric basis and thanks to a corpus of photos available on the internet. This corpus was constituted from selection of pictures obtained with a search on Google Web Search and the keywords “Citadel” and “Aleppo”. The selection took into account both the resolution of the images and the coverage of the items of interest and gathered 66 pictures. The enrichment of the 3D model is performed through an iterative process made up of four main steps: (i) orthophoto extraction from some photos of the corpus (ii) 3D modeling from these orthophotos (iii) seamless texture extraction (iv) texture mapping. There are still some uncovered lateral areas, unreadable engraved wall writings, and some details are reconstructed naively, but the essential items, allowing to visually characterize the fortified entrance as a whole, have been reconstituted. The 3D model was first used to produce some renderings intended to obtain first reviews from archaeologists and architecture specialists, photos and complementary documents allowing correcting and filling the gaps. We wish to set a collaborative process to improve the model, based on an exchange with experts of the domain. The resulting model aims at feeding an interactive website dedicated to 3D display of heritage under threats. Other rendering of the model such as virtual reality or 3D printing could also be considered to share this testimony of our heritage. The application of this methodology to other sites deserves further studies that would depend on the possibilities of photogrammetry, the architectural complexities and human means for 3D modeling

Multi-Omics Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: What Benefits for Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Tools?

International audienceInflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), which include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are multifactorial diseases that involve in particular a modification of the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis. The initial sets of metataxonomic and metagenomic data first made it possible to approximate the microbiota profile in IBD. In addition, today the new ‘omics’ techniques have enabled us to draw up a functional and integrative map of the microbiota. The key concern in IBD is to develop biomarkers that allow us to assess the activity of the disease and predict the complications and progression, while also guiding the therapeutic care so as to develop personalized medicine. In this review, we present all of the latest discoveries on the microbiota provided by “omics” and we outline the benefits of these techniques in developing new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic tools

Theoretical investigation of CdI n 2 S 4 : A possible substitute for CdS in CuI n 1 − x G a x S e 2 -based photovoltaic devices

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Atom probe contribution to the caracterisation of CIGSe grain boundaries

International audienceAtom Probe Tomography (APT) technique is the only nano-scale-sensitive analytic tool allowing 3D chemical analysis with atomic scale resolution. For long restricted to conductive samples, implementation of ultra fast laser pulsing extend now the field of applications to the analysis of semiconductor materials. In the present study, high efficiency Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 (CIGSe) thin films have been investigated by APT in order to solve interrogations about grain boundaries (GBs) composition. The analyzed CIGSe layers have been grown by co-evaporation on Mo-coated soda-lime glass substrates following the standard 3-stage process and the atom probe tips prepared using a focused ion beam (FIB) equipment. In order to ensure the presence of GB in the small APT investigated volume, location and misorientation of GBs have been determined by electron backscattering scanning diffraction (EBSD) and one GB interface placed close to the edge of the tip. From APT analyses, spatial distribution of CIGSe elements can be imaged at atomic scale; particular attention has been devoted to the composition profiles at the vicinity of the CIGSe GB interface. New results are compared with usual CIGSe GB passivation models. © 2011 IEEE

Atom probe contribution to the caracterisation of CIGSe grain boundaries

International audienceAtom Probe Tomography (APT) technique is the only nano-scale-sensitive analytic tool allowing 3D chemical analysis with atomic scale resolution. For long restricted to conductive samples, implementation of ultra fast laser pulsing extend now the field of applications to the analysis of semiconductor materials. In the present study, high efficiency Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 (CIGSe) thin films have been investigated by APT in order to solve interrogations about grain boundaries (GBs) composition. The analyzed CIGSe layers have been grown by co-evaporation on Mo-coated soda-lime glass substrates following the standard 3-stage process and the atom probe tips prepared using a focused ion beam (FIB) equipment. In order to ensure the presence of GB in the small APT investigated volume, location and misorientation of GBs have been determined by electron backscattering scanning diffraction (EBSD) and one GB interface placed close to the edge of the tip. From APT analyses, spatial distribution of CIGSe elements can be imaged at atomic scale; particular attention has been devoted to the composition profiles at the vicinity of the CIGSe GB interface. New results are compared with usual CIGSe GB passivation models. © 2011 IEEE

Atom probe contribution to the caracterisation of CIGSe grain boundaries

International audienceAtom Probe Tomography (APT) technique is the only nano-scale-sensitive analytic tool allowing 3D chemical analysis with atomic scale resolution. For long restricted to conductive samples, implementation of ultra fast laser pulsing extend now the field of applications to the analysis of semiconductor materials. In the present study, high efficiency Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 (CIGSe) thin films have been investigated by APT in order to solve interrogations about grain boundaries (GBs) composition. The analyzed CIGSe layers have been grown by co-evaporation on Mo-coated soda-lime glass substrates following the standard 3-stage process and the atom probe tips prepared using a focused ion beam (FIB) equipment. In order to ensure the presence of GB in the small APT investigated volume, location and misorientation of GBs have been determined by electron backscattering scanning diffraction (EBSD) and one GB interface placed close to the edge of the tip. From APT analyses, spatial distribution of CIGSe elements can be imaged at atomic scale; particular attention has been devoted to the composition profiles at the vicinity of the CIGSe GB interface. New results are compared with usual CIGSe GB passivation models. © 2011 IEEE

Influence of Na on grain boundary and properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 solar cells

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