Prevalence of plasmodium falciparum in active conflict areas of eastern Burma: a summary of cross-sectional data

BACKGROUND: Burma records the highest number of malaria deaths in southeast Asia and may represent a reservoir of infection for its neighbors, but the burden of disease and magnitude of transmission among border populations of Burma remains unknown. METHODS: Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasitemia was detected using a HRP-II antigen based rapid test (Paracheck-Pf(R)). Pf prevalence was estimated from screenings conducted in 49 villages participating in a malaria control program, and four retrospective mortality cluster surveys encompassing a sampling frame of more than 220,000. Crude odds ratios were calculated to evaluate Pf prevalence by age, sex, and dry vs. rainy season. RESULTS: 9,796 rapid tests were performed among 28,410 villagers in malaria program areas through four years (2003: 8.4%, 95% CI: 8.3 - 8.6; 2004: 7.1%, 95% CI: 6.9 - 7.3; 2005:10.5%, 95% CI: 9.3 - 11.8 and 2006: 9.3%, 95% CI: 8.2 - 10.6). Children under 5 (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.93 - 2.06) and those 5 to 14 years (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 2.18 - 2.29) were more likely to be positive than adults. Prevalence was slightly higher among females (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.06) and in the rainy season (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.16 - 1.88). Among 5,538 rapid tests conducted in four cluster surveys, 10.2% were positive (range 6.3%, 95% CI: 3.9 - 8.8; to 12.4%, 95% CI: 9.4 - 15.4). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of plasmodium falciparum in conflict areas of eastern Burma is higher than rates reported among populations in neighboring Thailand, particularly among children. This population serves as a large reservoir of infection that contributes to a high disease burden within Burma and likely constitutes a source of infection for neighboring regions

Synthesis, structure and anion rearrangements of alkali metallated amines and imines

Reactions of amines and imines with alkali metals of the source nBuM and MNR₂ (where M= Li, Na, K and R= ⁱPr, SiMe₃) with Lewis donors such as PMDETA, TMEDA and THF were undertaken to observe the structure and anionic rearrangements of these systems. The unexpected aza-enolate propyl addition complex [(PhC=CH₂)(CH=C(CH₂CH₂CH₃)CH₃)NNa.THF]∞ 32 was isolated when (S)-N-α-(methylbenzyl)allylamine reacted with nBuNa. Analytical studies revealed decomposition of the sodium 1-aza-allylamide to a sodium enamide and propene, confirmed by solution and GC-headspace studies, respectively. The aza-enolate structure [(PhC=CH₂)(CH₂CH₂CH₃)NNa]∞ 33 was isolated and identified as an intermediate in the reaction pathway. A mechanism was proposed where propene adds to the carbon tautomer of the sodium 1-aza-allylamide followed by anionic rearrangements to later form the aza-enolate propyl addition complex. The formation of the aza-allyl complex [{Ph(Me)C…N…C(H)Ph}K.TMEDA]n 62 when (S)-N-α-(methylbenzyl)benzylamine ((S)-α-mbba) reacts with nBuK in the presence of TMEDA via β-hydride elimination was isolated and characterised by solution studies. An unexpected co-secondary product, where C-C bond cleavage has occurred eliminating methane, was produced when tridentate or pseudo-tridentate donor ligands were used in the affording the unexpected 1,3-diphenyl-1-aza-allyl complexes [{Ph(H)C…N…C(H)Ph}M.L] (M= Na, L= (THF)₃ 66 or TMEDA/THF 68, M= K, L= PMDETA 64). Formation of methane elimination was confirmed via GC-headspace analysis experiments. DFT calculations on model systems support the experimental findings that thermodynamic gas elimination pathways are favoured by the heavier alkali metals with the elimination of H₂ gas kinetically favoured over CH₄. The decomposition reaction of bis-α-(methylbenzyl)amine (B-α-mba ) with nBuNa in the presence of PMDETA to give the sodium enamide [{PhC(=CH₂)N(H)}Na.PMDETA]n 61 was investigated. Analytical studies revealed a decomposition of the sodium amide to the sodium enamide with the by-product identified as styrene by GC-MS experiments. Reactions of B-α-mba with nBuK in the presence of PMDETA and TMEDA lead to complex reaction mixtures with solution studies revealing the presence of multiple species. A large library of aryl and heterocyclic chiral and achiral imines were generated efficiently through the use of microwave irradiation with a small amount of molecular sieve. The reactions are complete in a matter of minutes and quantitative, significantly reducing the time and amount of solvents used in compound isolation and purification. From the library synthesised, (S)-N-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-α-methylbenzylamine 75 and (S)-N-(2-methoxybenzylidene)-α-methylbenzylamine 76 were reacted with nBuM (M= Na, K) in the presence of PMDETA to give the 2-aza-allyl complexes [{Ph(Me)C…N…C(H)Ph(p-OMe)}Na.PMDETA] 109, [{Ph(Me)C…N…C(H)Ph(o-OMe)}Na.PMDETA] 110, and [{Ph(Me)C…N…C(H)Ph(p-OMe)}K.PMDETA]₂ 111. A third imine, N-[[4-methoxyphenyl]methylene]-benzenamine 78, was reacted with nBuNa to give the unprecedented 1,2 addition species [{PhNCH(CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃)Ph(p-OMe)}Na.THF]∞ 112. When reacted with NaHMDS the deprotonated species [{PhNCPh(4-OMe)]Na}₂{[PhN=CHPh(4-OMe)}] 114 was isolated. DFT calculations suggest the potential use for the formation of a new type of acyclic single amino carbene species. A one pot cascade sequence of ortho-lithiation, 1,2 addition and intramolecular 1,2-addition/cyclisation was achieved when imine 78 was reacted with LDA in the presence of THF. The complex [{5-(OMe)3-Ph(4-OMe)2-(Ph)isoindol-1-ine}(Ph)NLi.THF] 115 was isolated which revealed the formation of a 2,3,4,5-substituted isoindoline

SAWECKI-2019-Reproduction-and-Oxidative-Stress-in-a-Mouthbrooding-Cichlid-Fish

This zip file contains two excel documents. One document used for analysis of female oxidative stress and the other for analysis of the male status shifts in stable and unstable environments. There are also 4 R scripts that were used for running linear mixed models and generalized linear mixed models

An Efficient Microwave Method for the Synthesis of Imines

A large variety of aryl and heterocyclic chiral and achiral imines can be generated simply, efficiently, and cleanly through the use of microwave irradiation and the use of a small amount of molecular sieve. Reactions are rapid and complete in a matter of minutes, and can be quantitative, reducing significantly the time and amount of solvents used in compound isolation and purification. </jats:p

Bismuth(III) complexes derived from α-amino acids: the impact of hydrolysis and oxido-cluster formation on their activity against Helicobacter pylori

Eight bismuth(III) complexes derived from a variety of α-amino acids covering a range of physico-chemical properties (L-phenylalanine (Phe), L-proline (Pro), L-methionine (Met), L-cysteine (Cys), D,L-serine (Ser), L-tyrosine (Tyr), L-aspartic acid (Asp) and L-glutamic acid (Glu)) have been synthesised, characterised, and evaluated for their activity against Helicobacter pylori. The optimal synthetic procedure utilises [Bi(OtBu)3], giving the complexes [BiL3] (L = Phe 1, Pro 2, Met 3, Ser 5, Tyr 6) and [Bi2L3] (L = Cys 4, Asp 7, Glu 8) cleanly and in good yield. However, the synthesis is sensitive to both temperature and moisture. The solubility and stability of the bismuth(III) complexes was investigated using ESI-MS. Almost all compounds (except for [Bi(Phe)3] and [Bi(Pro)3]) were found to be partially or completely soluble in aqueous solution giving a pH 2.5–5.0, indicating the presence of free α-amino acid and hydrolysis of the bismuth(III) complexes to polynuclear bismuth oxido-clusters. The results of the bactericidal studies against Helicobacter pylori demonstrate that this hydrolysis process impacts significantly on the observed Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) which are increased substantially, often by many orders of magnitude, when the complexes are initially prepared in water rather than DMSO

The Strange Case of Sodium (<i>S</i>)‑<i>N</i>‑α-(Methylbenzyl)allylamide: Anion Rearrangement, Decomposition, and a Peculiar Propyl Addition

An unexpected aza-enolate propyl addition complex, [(PhCCH₂)­(CHC­(CH₂CH₂CH₃)­CH₃)­NNa·THF]_∞ (<b>1</b>), was isolated when (<i>S</i>)-<i>N</i>-α-(methylbenzyl)­allylamine reacted in hexane with <i>n</i>BuNa in the presence of THF. Analytical studies revealed a decomposition of the sodium 1-azaallylamide to a sodium enamide and propene, identified by solution studies and a GC-headspace study, respectively. Propene then adds to the carbanion tautomer of the sodium 1-azaallylamide followed by anionic rearrangements to later form the aza-enolate propyl addition complex