Injection Drug Use as a Mediator Between Client-perpetrated Abuse and HIV Status Among Female Sex Workers in Two Mexico-US Border Cities

We examined relationships between client-perpetrated emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, injection drug use, and HIV-serostatus among 924 female sex workers (FSWs) in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, two large Mexico-US border cities. We hypothesized that FSWs’ injection drug use would mediate the relationship between client-perpetrated abuse and HIV-seropositivity. The prevalence of client-perpetrated emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in the past 6 months was 26, 18, and 10% respectively; prevalence of current injection drug use and HIV was 12 and 6%, respectively. Logistic regression analyses revealed that client-perpetrated sexual abuse was significantly associated with HIV-seropositivity and injection drug use, and that injection drug use was positively associated with HIV-seropositivity. Injection drug use partially mediated the relationship between client-perpetrated sexual abuse and HIV-seropositivity. Results suggest the need to address client-perpetrated violence and injection drug use when assessing HIV risk among FSWs

Efecto de subproductos orgánicos del proceso panelero sobre

Acid sulphate soils have fertility problems because of the modification of physical, chemical and biological properties. However, the addition of organic amendments as a rehabilitation technique of acid sulphate soils allows recovery of soil properties such as aggregate formation and aeration, among others. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic byproducts of sugarcane jaggery production process (leaf litter, bagasse and fresh filter cake) on the physical characteristics (bulk density, total porosity and dry structural stability) of an acid sulphate soil of Paipa (Boyacá) under greenhouse conditions. A trial using a completely randomized design with 9 treatments and 3 replications, corresponding to the incorporation of organic byproducts, alone and in combination, a control (without application) and agronomic treatment (lime dolomite). The soil physical parameters were evaluated  at 45 (sampling 1) and 165 days (sampling 2) after amendments application. The results indicated that the application of leaf litter, bagasse and fresh filter cake in the soil, generated a favorable response in the variables: bulk density and total porosity, after 45 days; in the second sampling, the best response in these variables was achieved with 6.2 t/ha of leaf litter. However, the structural stability of soil did not show statistically significant differences. The application of organic byproducts of sugarcane jaggery production process improves the bulk density and the total porosity of anacid sulphate soil under greenhouse conditions.Los suelos sulfatados ácidos generan problemas de fertilidad, ya que modifican sus propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas. La incorporación de enmiendas orgánicas como técnica de rehabilitación de suelos sulfatados ácidos permite la recuperación de algunas propiedades del suelo, como la formación de agregados y la aireación, entre otras. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto que tienen los subproductos orgánicos del proceso panelero (hojarasca, bagacillo y cachaza fresca) como enmienda orgánica, sobre las características físicas (densidad aparente, porosidad total y estabilidad estructural en seco) de un suelo sulfatado ácido del municipio de Paipa, Boyacá, en invernadero. Se realizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con nueve tratamientos y tres repeticiones, correspondientes a la incorporación de los subproductos orgánicos, solos y en combinación, un testigo (sin aplicación) y un tratamiento agronómico (cal dolomita). Los parámetros físicos a evaluar se midieron a los 45 días (muestreo 1) y 165 días (muestreo 2) de la aplicación de las enmiendas. En las variables densidad aparente y poros totales del suelo, la aplicación de hojarasca, bagacillo y cachaza fresca generó en el primer muestreo una respuesta favorable y en el segundo, la mejor respuesta se logró con 6,2 t/ha de hojarasca; la estabilidad estructural en seco no presentó diferencias estadísticas significativas con la aplicación de los tratamientos. La aplicación de los subproductos orgánicos del proceso panelero mejora la densidad aparente y la porosidad total de un suelo sulfatado ácido, en condiciones de invernadero

Evaluación de materiales encalantes y orgánicos sobre las bases intercambiables de un suelo sulfatado ácido en invernadero

Los suelos sulfatados ácidos (SSA) se caracterizan por ser sistemas dinámicos con degradación química continua a causa de procesos de acidificación actual severa. Una de sus limitaciones está relacionada con la inhibición en la absorción de bases intercambiables, generada principalmente por excesos de aluminio de cambio, que afectan su productividad y limitan la disponibilidad de nutrientes para las plantas. El presente estudio evaluó en invernadero el efecto de algunas técnicas empleadas en recuperación de suelos, sobre las bases intercambiables de un SSA, con el fin de identificar metodologías para el manejo de estos suelos en Paipa (Boyacá). Se implementó un diseño experimental con 6 tratamientos y 5 repeticiones, donde se evaluó la incorporación de microorganismos eficientes, bagacillo de caña, abono verde y cal dolomita, así como la siembra de Brassica rapa L. como forraje, en los cuales se realizó la medición de bases antes y después de la siembra de Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis como cultivo indicador. Para analizar la información, se realizó una ANOVA y se aplicó prueba de comparación de promedios Tukey con confiabilidad del 95%. Los resultados indicaron que la siembra de B. rapa L. como forraje y la incorporación de la misma como abono verde, junto con el uso complementario de cal dolomita, generaron un mayor incremento en Ca (18,21 cmolc•kg^-1 y 16,61 cmolc•kg^-1) y Mg (6 cmolc•kg^-1 y 5,15 cmolc•kg^-1). El K presentó el valor más alto con la incorporación de abono verde (1,31 cmolc•kg^-1), respecto a las metodologías evaluadas

Cryptic oxygen cycling in anoxic marine zones.

International audienceOxygen availability drives changes in microbial diversity and biogeochemical cycling between the aerobic surface layer and the anaerobic core in nitrite-rich anoxic marine zones (AMZs), which constitute huge oxygen-depleted regions in the tropical oceans. The current paradigm is that primary production and nitrification within the oxic surface layer fuel anaerobic processes in the anoxic core of AMZs, where 30-50% of global marine nitrogen loss takes place. Here we demonstrate that oxygenic photosynthesis in the secondary chlorophyll maximum (SCM) releases significant amounts of O2 to the otherwise anoxic environment. The SCM, commonly found within AMZs, was dominated by the picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus spp. Free O2 levels in this layer were, however, undetectable by conventional techniques, reflecting a tight coupling between O2 production and consumption by aerobic processes under apparent anoxic conditions. Transcriptomic analysis of the microbial community in the seemingly anoxic SCM revealed the enhanced expression of genes for aerobic processes, such as nitrite oxidation. The rates of gross O2 production and carbon fixation in the SCM were found to be similar to those reported for nitrite oxidation, as well as for anaerobic dissimilatory nitrate reduction and sulfate reduction, suggesting a significant effect of local oxygenic photosynthesis on Pacific AMZ biogeochemical cycling

Injection drug use as a mediator between client-perpetrated abuse and HIV status among female sex workers in two Mexico-US border cities.

We examined relationships between client-perpetrated emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, injection drug use, and HIV-serostatus among 924 female sex workers (FSWs) in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, two large Mexico-US border cities. We hypothesized that FSWs' injection drug use would mediate the relationship between client-perpetrated abuse and HIV-seropositivity. The prevalence of client-perpetrated emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in the past 6 months was 26, 18, and 10% respectively; prevalence of current injection drug use and HIV was 12 and 6%, respectively. Logistic regression analyses revealed that client-perpetrated sexual abuse was significantly associated with HIV-seropositivity and injection drug use, and that injection drug use was positively associated with HIV-seropositivity. Injection drug use partially mediated the relationship between client-perpetrated sexual abuse and HIV-seropositivity. Results suggest the need to address client-perpetrated violence and injection drug use when assessing HIV risk among FSWs