Composition en chlorure de sodium des produits panifiés commercialisés dans la commune de Kara (Togo)

Knowledge about the salt content of foods is necessary to help reduce salt consumption. The objective of this study is to determine the dietary salt (NaCl) content of bread products and to assess the level of knowledge of bakers on the role of salt in diseases related to its excessive consumption and preventive measures. The salt assay was carried out on 50 samples of bread products. The silver titration method is used for the determination of salt in bread. Direct interview is used to collect information from bakers. According to 66.7% of respondents, salt plays the role of flavour in bread. They stated that excessive consumption of cooking salt would be the cause of certain diseases such as hypertension. The salt content of the bread samples ranged from 0.21 ± 0.01 g (0.21%) to 2.21 ± 0.01 g per 100 g (2.21%) with an average content of 0.95 ± 0.42 g per 100 g. Given the role of bread in the daily diet, efforts should be made to reduce the salt content of bread. Reducing the salt content of bread products would contribute to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Keywords: bread, salt content, cardio-vascular diseasesLa connaissance sur la composition en sel des aliments est nécessaire pour contribuer à la réduction de la consommation de ce dernier. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la teneur en sel alimentaire (NaCl) des produits panifiés et d’évaluer le niveau de connaissance des boulangers sur le rôle du sel et les maladies liées à sa consommation excessive. Le dosage du sel a porté sur 50 échantillons de produits panifiés. La méthode de titrage argentométrique est utilisée pour le dosage du sel dans le pain. L'entretien par interview directe est utilisé pour collecter les informations auprès de boulangers. Selon 66,7% des enquêtés, le sel joue le rôle de saveur dans le pain. Ils ont affirmé que la consommation excessive du sel de cuisine serait à l’origine de certaines maladies comme l’hypertension. La teneur en sel des échantillons de pain a variée de 0,21 ± 0,01 g (0,21%) à 2,21 ±0,01 g pour 100 g (2,21%) avec une teneur moyenne de 0,95 ± 0,42 g pour 100 g. Au regard du rôle que joue le pain dans l’alimentation quotidienne, il convient d’œuvrer pour la réduction de la teneur en sel du pain. La réduction de la teneur en sel des produits panifiés contribuerait à la réduction des risques de maladies cardiovasculaires. Mots clés: pain, teneur en sel, maladies cardio-vasculaire

Entre mythe et histoire : stratégie d’une vérité étiologique sur le champ politique africain dans En attendant le vote des bêtes sauvages de Kourouma

Ahmadou Kourouma’s work as given the myth vitality in African literary criticism. In addition to the myth, his romantic writing weaves a close link with history. The writer skilfully mixes myth and history, thus blurring the boundaries between reality and fiction. In En attendant le vote des bêtes sauvages, myth and history coalesce to tranlate an authorial point of view on the avent of african political field. From a mythocritical analysis, the rewriting of myths, mixed with the history of Africa’s postcolonial political, incribes the african political field in a timelessness and an absolute truth linked to an original destiny and to a responsability of black man rather than a colonial scapegoat.L’œuvre d’Ahmadou Kourouma a donné au mythe une vitalité dans la critique littéraire africaine. Outre le mythe, son écriture romanesque tisse un lien étroit avec l’Histoire. L’écrivain mêle savamment mythe et histoire, brouillant ainsi les frontières entre la réalité et la fiction. Dans En attendant le vote des bêtes sauvages, mythe et histoire y sont mis en coalescence pour traduire un point de vue auctorial sur l’avènement du champ politique africain. À partir d’une analyse mythocritique, la réécriture de mythes, mêlés à l’histoire de l’Afrique politique postcoloniale, inscrit le champ politique africain dans une intemporalité et une vérité absolue liée à un destin originel et à une responsabilité de l’Homme noir plutôt qu’à un bouc-émissaire colonial

Vers une épistémologie de l’intelligence économique. Une analyse des articles parus dans la Revue Internationale d’Intelligence Économique.

International audienc

Consumption Profile during Agricultural Mitigation Period: Burkina Faso Centre-West Region case

International audienceBackground: Simplified and reliable tools for individual and household diet quality assessment have been found helpful to reduce cost of the dietary survey. The main objective of this study was to determine the household’s diet profile in the Centre-West Region of Burkina Faso.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on household food consumption using the last seven days recall. Food consumption score (FCS) was calculated by adding sores of the consumed food groups for each household.Results: Overall, 985 households were involved from 37 rural and three urban places from the Centre-West Region of Burkina Faso. With regard to the FCS, 28%, 28%, and 44% of the households had a poor (FCS ≤ 21), borderline (21 35) scores, respectively. Increased FCS improved the food consumption frequency rich in nutrient (vitamin A, iron, protein) groups. The quality of household’s diet was determined by socioeconomic variables such as household assets and number of income sources. Urban households get their food from the market places, while rural ones consumed their own productions.Conclusion: Diet quality based on food groups' consumption was associated with the socioeconomic status of households with regard to a certain food vulnerability. More efforts are required to strengthen the food security in vulnerable households regarding healthy diets for the population

Facteurs de risque vasculaire predisposant aux lacunes cerebrales au CHU de Lome (Togo)

Buts: Déterminer les facteurs de risque prédisposant aux lacunes.Méthode: Le diagnostic de lacunes a été fait sur des arguments cliniques et tomodensitométriques. Nous avons dosé la cholestérolémie, la triglycéridémie, la créatininémie et l’homocystéinémie plasmatique.Résultats: Deux cent cinquante-cinq (255) patients répondaient à nos critères d’inclusion. La sex-ratio était de 1,3 avec un âge moyen de 61,3 ans. La prévalence de l’hypertension artérielle était de 85,6%; le diabète 15,7% et l’éthylisme chronique 18,4%. Les principaux facteurs de risque biologique étaient l’hyperhomocystéinémie 60,2%; l’hypercholestérolémie 48,6%, l’hypertriglycéridémie 20%. L’homocystéinémie moyenne était de 21,2μmol/l. L’homocystéinéme était inférieure à 15μmol/l chez 39,7% des patients, entre 15 et 30 μmol/l chez 47,7% et supérieure à 30μmol/l dans 12,6%. La cholestérolémie moyenne était de 2,7mmol/l ; la triglycéridémie moyenne était de 1,3mmol/l. La prévalence des lacunes était de 46,4%. Les lacunes étaient significativement associées à l’hypertension artérielle (p=0,001), au diabète (p=0,001), à l’âge (p= 0,005), au sexe masculin (p =0,026), à l’éthylisme chronique (p = 0,006), à la cholestérolémie (p = 0,04) et à l’homocystéinéme (p= 0,001).Conclusion: Les facteurs de risque des lacunes sont multiples. En dehors de l’âge et du sexe, ils sont modifiables.Mots clés: Lacunes, facteurs de risqueEnglish AbstractObjective: To determine the hospital prevalence of brain small infarct risk factors.Patients and methods: The small infarct diagnosis was made on brain CT scan. The diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes and chronic alcoholism was made by the diseases history. The dosage of the plasmatic homocysteinemia was made by the "Fluorescence Polarizing Immunoenzymatic Assay" (FPIA) method.Results: The sex-ratio was of 1.3. The hypertension prevalence was of 85.6%; the diabetes, 15.7% and 18.4% for the chronic alcoholism. The main biologic risk factors were the hyperhomocysteinemia at 60.2%; the hypercholesterolemia 48.6%, the hypertriglyceridemia 20%. The average homocysteinemia was of 21.2μmol/l. The homocysteinemia was moderate in 47.7% and intermediate in 12.6%. The prevalence of the small infarcts associated to large ischemic stroke was of 25.4%; small infarcts were associated to brain haemorrhage in 13% and the exclusive prevalence of small infarcts was 8%. The small infarcts were significantly associated to arterial hypertension (p = 0.001), to diabetes (p = 0.001), to chronic alcoholism (p = 0.006), to male sex (p = 0.026), to age (p = 0.005), to cholesterolemia (p = 0.04) and homocysteinemia (p = 0.001).Conclusion: Small infarcts risk factors are multiple and most of them are modifiable.Keywords: small infarcts; Risk factor

Helicobacter pylori serologic status has no influence on the association between fucosyltransferase 2 polymorphism (FUT2 461 G->A) and vitamin B-12 in Europe and West Africa

Genomewide association studies have shown a relation between plasma vitamin B-12 concentration and the 461G\u2192A polymorphism of fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2), a gene associated with susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection

Environmental influence on the worldwide prevalence of a 776C→G variant in the transcobalamin gene (TCN2)

Background: A 776C→G variant (dbSNP ID: rs1801198) in the transcobalamin gene (TCN2; MIM# 275350) decreases the cellular and plasma concentration of transcobalamin and thereby influences the cellular availability of vitamin B12. Objective: To evaluate the worldwide prevalence of this variant and its association with homocysteine plasma level. Methods: The study was performed in 1433 apparently healthy subjects, including Afro-Americans and Afro-Africans and in 251 Afro-Africans participants with severe malaria. Results: The frequencies of the 776G allele were the highest in China (0.607; 95% Cl 0.554 to 0.659), low in West Africa (Bénin and Togo, 0.178; 0.154 to 0.206), and intermediate in France (0.445; 0.408 to 0.481), Italy (0.352; 0.299 to 0.409), Morocco (0.370; 0.300 to 0.447) and Mexico (0.374; 0.392 to 0.419). The 776G genotype was more frequent in Afro-Americans from New York (16.7; 8.4 to 30.7) and in Afro-African patients with severe malaria (6.0%; 95% Cl 3.7 to 9.6) than in healthy Afro-African volunteers (p= 0.0004 and p= 0.033, respectively), while no difference was observed for MTHFR 677TT and 677T alleles. A disequilibrium of TCN2 genotype distribution was recorded in patients with severe malaria, with a twofold higher GG genotype than expected (p=0.010). An association between the TCN2 polymorphism and homocysteine was observed only in Mexico and France, the two countries with the highest rate of low plasma concentration of vitamin B12 (<100 p

BRIP1 coding variants are associated with a high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in patients with HCV- or HBV-related liver disease

IF 5.008International audienceThe molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) carcinogenesis are still not fully understood. DNA repair defects may influence HCC risk. The aim of the study was to look for potential genetic variants of DNA repair genes associated with HCC risk among patients with alcohol- or viral-induced liver disease. We performed four case-control studies on 2,006 European- (Derivation#1 and #2 studies) and African-ancestry (Validation#1 and #2 studies) patients originating from several cohorts in order to assess the association between genetic variants on DNA repair genes and HCC risk using a custom array encompassing 94 genes. In the Derivation#1 study, the BRIP1 locus reached array-wide significance (Chi-squared SV-Perm, P=5.00×10-4) among the 253 haplotype blocks tested for their association with HCC risk, in patients with viral cirrhosis but not among those with alcoholic cirrhosis. The BRIP1 haplotype block included three exonic variants (rs4986763, rs4986764, rs4986765). The BRIP1 'AAA' haplotype was significantly associated with an increased HCC risk [odds ratio (OR), 2.01 (1.19-3.39); false discovery rate (FDR)-P=1.31×10-2]. In the Derivation#2 study, results were confirmed for the BRIP1 'GGG' haplotype [OR, 0.53 (0.36-0.79); FDR-P=3.90×10-3]. In both Validation#1 and #2 studies, BRIP1 'AAA' haplotype was significantly associated with an increased risk of HCC [OR, 1.71 (1.09-2.68); FDR-P=7.30×10-2; and OR, 6.45 (4.17-9.99); FDR-P=2.33×10-19, respectively]. Association between the BRIP1 locus and HCC risk suggests that impaired DNA mismatch repair might play a role in liver carcinogenesis, among patients with HCV- or HBV-related liver disease