White Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) Cultivation by Log and Twigs Rubber, Leucaena, Randu, and Balsa

Waste high fells form a log and twig wood type Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), randu (Ceiba pentandra), and balsa (Ochroma bicolor) can be used as a medium cultivation of Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) to increase the value added of these four types of wood. The research aims to analyze the potential for the cultivation of Oyster Mushrooms white on media log and twig four types of wood, the nutrient content of mushrooms, and the appropriateness of business. The reserch used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 9 single factorial on media treatment of logs and twigs of four kindsdifferent wood; and baglog from sawdust as control. The results showed the average wet weight of fruiting bodies on rubber wood and lamtoro (heavy wood) in both the media logs and twigs , reaching 213 grams and is not significantly different from the control (262 grams) , but it is larger than other types of wood cottonwoods and balsa(light wood) which is, reaching only 130 grams. The efficiency of biological media from all kinds of wood twigs higher (29.6-36 %) and significantly different than logs (11-20.5 %). Vegetative phase on media of logs and twigs randu is faster (14 days) than other media and not significantly different. Generative phase (reproductive) kapok’s logs (62 days) and the branches (44 days) is longer and significantly different than other treatments. White Oyster Mushrooms nutritional content of all media types are quite good and worthy of consumption. White oyster mushroom cultivation using media log and twig are fit enough developed. Keywords: heavy wood, light wood, cultivation of white oyster mushroom, nutritional contentLimbah tebangan berupa log dan ranting jenis kayu lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), karet (Hevea brasiliensis), randu (Ceiba pentandra), dan balsa (Ochroma bicolor) dapat digunakan sebagai media kultivasi jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah dari keempat jenis kayu tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi kultivasi jamur tiram putih pada media log dan ranting empat jenis kayu tersebut, kandungan gizi, dan kelayakan usaha. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) faktorial tunggal dengan 9 perlakuan media log dan ranting dari keempat jenis kayu tersebut serta baglog berupa serbuk gergaji sebagai kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata bobot basah tubuh buah pada jenis kayu karet dan lamtoro (kayu berat) baik pada media log maupun ranting yaitu mencapai 213 gram tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol (262 gram), namun lebih besar dibandingkan jenis kayu randu dan balsa (kayu ringan) yang hanya mencapai 130 gram. Efisiensi biologis media ranting semua jenis kayu lebih tinggi (29,6-36%) dan berbeda nyata dibandingkan media log (11-20,5%). Kandungan gizi jamur tiram putih semua jenis media cukup baik dan layak dikonsumsi. Usaha budidaya jamur tiram putih menggunakan media log dan ranting cukup layak dikembangkan untuk jangka panjang. Kata kunci: kayu berat, kayu ringan, kultivasi jamur tiram putih, kandungan giz

Early Report of Red Root Rot of Ganoderma sp. on Agathis sp. (Damar) in Mount Walat Education Forest, Sukabumi, West Java

Damar (Agathis spp.) is one type of forestry tree producing high-quality wood that is light colored and known as raw vinir. Damar tree has been planted in the Mount Walat forest Education (HPGW) IPB since 1963. The stands are grown in addition to being carbon stock and play a role in the balance of ecosystems, has also been a lot of produce Copal (resin) of value economically. However the current spread of the disease has  been diagnosed of Red root  rot  by Ganoderma are feared to be sharpened and detrimental. This paper is an early  report that needs  serious attention. Research on the factors that favour the occurrence of epidemic diseases needs to be done. Due to the alternate host Ganoderma spp. on this sufficiently broa

Morphological Feature Extraction of Jabon’s Leaf Seedling Pathogen using Microscopic Image

This research aims to analyze morphological techniques for feature extraction of Jabon’s leaf seedling pathogen using digital microscopic image. The kinds of the pathogen were Curvularia sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Fusarium sp.. Pathogens or causes of disease were identified manually based on macroscopic and microscopic observation of morphological characters. Morphological characters describe the characteristics of shape, color and size of a pathogen structure. We focused on shape feature by using the morphological techniques to feature extraction. The morphology features extraction used were area, perimeter, convex area, convex perimeter, compactness, solidity, convexity, and roundness. The methodologies were acquisition, preprocessing, features extraction and data analysis for derivative features. With features extraction, we got the pattern that described each pathogen for pathogen identification. From the experimental result showed that compactness and roundness feature were able to differentiate each pathogen due to that the characteristics of each pathogen class were separated

Identifikasi Cendawan Patogen Penyebab Penyakit pada Daun Jabon Merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil)

Red Jabon (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) is a forest plant that can replace sengon (Falcataria moluccana) because it has advantages. The demand for red jabon wood is increasing, but the cultivation of red jabon is still constrained by the attack of pathogens that cause leaf disease. The attack of these pathogens can cause damage and death of seedlings so that it can be economically detrimental. The aim of this study was to identify the pathogens that cause disease in red Jabon. The method used is the Postulate Koch method, which starts from sampling red leaves with leaf disease symptoms, isolation, inoculation and analysis of disease incidence, re-isolation, and identification. Based on the identification results found as many as 2 pathogenic fungi that cause leaf spot disease, namely Pestalotia sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. In addition, 6 pathogenic fungi were found that cause blight, namely Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium sp., Colletrotrichum sp., Marssonina sp., Gloeosporium sp. 1, Gloeosporium sp. 2. Keywords: identification, percentage of disease incidence, Postulat Koch, red jabo

Leaf Morphological Feature Extraction of Digital Image Anthocephalus Cadamba

This research implemented an image feature extraction method using morphological techniques. The goal of this proccess is detecting objects that exist in the image. The image is converted into a grayscale image format. Then, grayscale image is processed with tresholding method to get initial segmentation. Furthermore, image from segmentation results are calculated using morphological methods to find the mapping of the original features into the new features. This process is done to get better class separation. Research conducted on two Antocephalus cadamba (Jabon) leaf diseased seedlings data set image that contained leaf spot disease and leaf blight. The results obtained morphological features such as rectangularity, roundness, compactness, solidity, convexity, elongation, and eccentricity able to represent the characteristic shape of the symptoms of the disease. All properties form the symptoms can be quantitatively explained by the features form. So it can be used to represent type of symptoms of two diseases in Antocephalus cadamba (Jabon)

Isolation and Selection of Potential Isolates of Dark Septate Endophyte Fungi from Pinus merkusii Roots

Root isolation activities to obtain dark septate endophytic fungi are currently mostly carried out on agricultural and plantation crops, while less so on forestry crops. Roots are a suitable habitat for the growth of various microorganisms, including dark septate endophytic fungi. The research aims to isolate the roots of Pinus merkusii plants from four locations, test pathogenicity, and test the biomass of sweet caisim mustard seeds. The research used a descriptive method by observing the number of dark septate endophytic fungal isolates obtained and the pathogenicity of these isolates. Meanwhile, sweet ciasim mustard seed biomass from the pathogenicity test results of non-pathogenic isolates was analyzed using a completely randomized design. The results of root isolation from Pinus merkusii stands obtained as many as 25 isolates by isolating 1,160 root segments. Isolation of Pinus merkusii roots from the IPB Dramaga Campus obtained 16 isolates, Dabun Gelang Village, Gayo Lues Regency obtained 2 isolates, Gunung Walat University Forest obtained 2 isolates, and Gunung Halimun Salak National Park obtained 5 isolates. Pathogenicity tests showed that 12 isolates were pathogenic and 13 isolates were non-pathogenic. Biomass analysis of sweet ciasim mustard seeds on non-pathogenic isolates obtained the highest biomass in the control treatment (not inoculated) and the lowest in isolates Apg 23.5 and Hs 14.6b. There is still a lack of isolates obtained from isolation activities in this research, so it is necessary to find an appropriate sterilization method to obtain the maximum number of isolates and have the potential to become non-pathogenic isolates. Keywords: Pinus merkusii, dark septate endophyte, isolationKegiatan isolasi akar untuk mendapatkan cendawan dark septate endophyte saat ini lebih banyak dilakukan pada tanaman pertanian dan perkebunan, sedangkan pada tanaman kehutanan masih kurang. Akar merupakan habitat yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan berbagai mikroorganisme termasuk cendawan dark septate endophyte. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengisolasi akar tanaman Pinus merkusii yang berasal dari empat lokasi, uji patogenisitas dan biomassa benih sawi caisim manis. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif yaitu dengan mengamati jumlah isolat cendawan dark septate endophyte yang diperoleh dan sifat patogenisitas dari isolat, sedangkan biomassa benih sawi ciasim manis dari hasil pengujian patogenisitas isolat non patogen di analisis dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Hasil isolasi akar dari tegakan Pinus merkusii diperoleh sebanyak 25 isolat dengan mengisolasi sebanyak 1.160 segmen akar. Isolasi akar Pinus merkusii dari kampus Dramaga IPB diperoleh sebanyak 16 isolat, Desa Dabun Gelang Kabupaten Gayo Lues diperoleh 2 isolat, Hutan Pendidikan Gunung Walat diperoleh 2 isolat dan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak diperoleh 5 isolat. Pengujian patogenisitas diperoleh 12 isolat yang bersifat patogen dan 13 isolat non patogen. Analisis biomassa benih sawi ciasim manis pada isolat non patogen diperoleh biomassa tertinggi pada perlakuan kontrol (tidak diinokulasi) dan terendah pada isolat Apg 23.5 dan Hs 14.6b. Masih minimnya jumlah isolat yang diperoleh dari kegiatan isolasi pada penelitian ini, maka perlu dicarikan metode sterilisasi yang sesuai, sehingga diperoleh jumlah isolat yang maksimal dan mempunyai potensi sebagai isolat non patogen. Kata kunci: Pinus merkusii, dark septate endophyte, isolas

Comparative of Media Factors from Sawdust Sengon, Jabon and Spent Oyster Mushroom Substrate Mixture on the Mycelial Growth of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) is a potential fungus that is regularly consumed by general public. This research aims to get qualified spawn of Pleurotus spp. by testing the growth of colony diameter and mycelial biomass on two mediums; PDA and MEYEA, as well as the addition of sawdust. The research was carried out using Pleurotus spp. isolates on different mediums and sawdust mixture. The results indicated that both Pleurotus spp. isolates grew better on MEYEA compared to PDA. Isolates of P. ostreatus TP and P. ostreatus var. columbinus TB both have an average growth speed of 0.90 cm/day and mycelial biomass of 0,19 g. Both Pleurotus spp. isolates grown on MEYEA medium that had previously been mixed with spent oyster mushroom substrate and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) sawdust grew better than the other medium mixed with Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) - both have an average growth speed of 1,06 cm/day and mycelial biomass of 0,26 g; while both isolates on medium mixed with Sengon sawdust have an average growth speed of 0,34 cm/day and mycelial biomass of 0,23 g.Keywords: biomass, diameter growth, Pleurotus spp, sawdust Sengon, sawdust Jabon, spent oyster mushroom substrate

Skrining Bakteri Selulolitik Asal Saluran Pencernaan Rayap Untuk Mendekomposisi Tunggul Karet

The rubber tree stump is a source of white root fungus inoculums and as a source of infection that causes the death of rubber plant. The emergence of this disease is closely related to the cleanliness of the land such as leftover trees or stumps, shrubs and bushes which stacked or still in the ground. One of the symbionts organisms found in gut of termite and play a role in the decomposition of cellulose, are bacteria. Termite are social insects that are efficiently decompose lignocelluloses with the aid of their associated microbial symbionts located in termite gut. The purpose of this study was to obtain cellulolytic bacterial isolates are derived from gut of termite and getting an cellulolytic which showed the best ability in decomposing rubber tree stumps. The result termite samples from oil palm, rubber, and dry wood contain cellulolytic bacteria characterized by clear zones around bacterial colonies. Bacterial isolates showing the ability to degrade cellulose are 31 isolates and five isolates are safe for plants, animals, or mammals. The three bacterial isolates (NK 4, NS 4, and NS 5) used in the test on rubber tree stumps able to decompose rubber tree stump. Bacterial isolates were each obtained NK 4 13.52%, NS 4 18.40% and NS 5 17.88%.Keywords: bacteria cellulolytic, rubber tree stumps, termit

Root Diseases Ganoderma sp. on the Sengon in West Java and East Java

Sengon tree (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) currently becomes a major forest tree species widely planted by smallholders in Indonesia. The wood of this is quick growing and relatively easy to sell.  However, level of plant safety sengon between crop plantations and other forestry need to be assessed considering the sengon tree is alternative host of Ganoderma spp. Studies have been conducted to know the presence and diversity of Ganoderma spp. on the sengon tree and some ways inoculation on sengon plant in the nursery.  Survey of Ganoderma conducted in several locations of community forests and cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantations in West Java and East Java. Testing of genetic diversity based on RAPD technique. This conducted at the Biotechnology Research Institute of Plantation Indonesia Bogor. Inoculation testing conducted at the Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University.  The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum was found on the sengon tree and cacao plant, generally on the dead stump. The test results of genetic diversity obtained genetic similarity between G. lucidum from sengon and cacao are quite close. The results of inoculation of G. lucidum testing on seedlings sengon showed that both isolate from cacao and sengon tree able to infect a sengon tree back. The existence of sengon tree as shade plants for cacao plant need to watch out, because production cycle of sengon tree faster than production cycle of cacao plant that is protected