Statistical distribution of series of 12 monthly concentration samples for environmental classification of rivers

International audienceEnvironmental monitoring and classification of rivers in the northern hemisphere is frequently hampered by lack of infrastructure in the scarcely populated areas of the north. Carefully designed economical methods are important. Analysis of 15 constituents in 14 rivers in Iceland show that monthly samples for a period of 1 year are sufficient for classification provided that the correct statistical distribution is known. Normalizing and plotting all the constituents in each river by rank shows systematic deviations from both the normal and lognormal distributions. When the constituents are pooled by river the result is one distribution for each river, all very similar. A new cumulative distribution function (DoC) is formed as the average of these. It has a long tail similar to that of the lognormal distribution but below the 60% quantile, the DoC differs a lot from the lognormal so if it is to be used, an unbiased estimate of the scale and location parameters will in most cases be difficult to obtain if more than 30?40% of the highest points is used. The influence of the DoC on the classification result is very strong when the 90% quantile is used for classification, but fades out at the 60% quantile. It is shown that the storage effect in rivers with a lake that holds some weeks flow in storage, can have a great influence on the classification result

Numerical simulations of the Fourier transformed Vlasov-Maxwell system in higher dimensions --- Theory and applications

We present a review of recent developments of simulations of the Vlasov-Maxwell system of equations using a Fourier transform method in velocity space. In this method, the distribution functions for electrons and ions are Fourier transformed in velocity space, and the resulting set of equations are solved numerically. In the original Vlasov equation, phase mixing may lead to an oscillatory behavior and sharp gradients of the distribution function in velocity space, which is problematic in simulations where it can lead to unphysical electric fields and instabilities and to the recurrence effect where parts of the initial condition recur in the simulation. The particle distribution function is in general smoother in the Fourier transformed velocity space, which is desirable for the numerical approximations. By designing outflow boundary conditions in the Fourier transformed velocity space, the highest oscillating terms are allowed to propagate out through the boundary and are removed from the calculations, thereby strongly reducing the numerical recurrence effect. The outflow boundary conditions in higher dimensions including electromagnetic effects are discussed. The Fourier transform method is also suitable to solve the Fourier transformed Wigner equation, which is the quantum mechanical analogue of the Vlasov equation for classical particles.Comment: 41 pages, 19 figures. To be published in Transport Theory and Statistical Physics. Proceedings of the VLASOVIA 2009 Workshop, CIRM, Luminy, Marseilles, France, 31 August - 4 September 200

Kolmogorov condition near hyperbolic singularities of integrable Hamiltonian systems

In this paper we show that, if an integrable Hamiltonian system admits a nondegenerate hyperbolic singularity then it will satisfy the Kolmogorov condegeneracy condition near that singularity (under a mild additional condition, which is trivial if the singularity contains a fixed point)Comment: revised version, 11p, accepted for publication in a sepecial volume in Regular and Chaotic Dynamics in honor of Richard Cushma

Energy localization on q-tori, long term stability and the interpretation of FPU recurrences

We focus on two approaches that have been proposed in recent years for the explanation of the so-called FPU paradox, i.e. the persistence of energy localization in the `low-q' Fourier modes of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam nonlinear lattices, preventing equipartition among all modes at low energies. In the first approach, a low-frequency fraction of the spectrum is initially excited leading to the formation of `natural packets' exhibiting exponential stability, while in the second, emphasis is placed on the existence of `q-breathers', i.e periodic continuations of the linear modes of the lattice, which are exponentially localized in Fourier space. Following ideas of the latter, we introduce in this paper the concept of `q-tori' representing exponentially localized solutions on low-dimensional tori and use their stability properties to reconcile these two approaches and provide a more complete explanation of the FPU paradox.Comment: 38 pages, 7 figure

Diversities and similarities in PFGE profiles of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from migrating birds and humans

Aims: To genetically sub-type Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from migratory birds, and to compare these with clinical strains collected in the same area and corresponding time period, with the aim to increase our knowledge on sub-types occurring among wild birds and their possible impact on human disease. Methods and Results: We sub-typed C. jejuni strains from migrating birds (n = 89) and humans (n = 47), using macrorestriction profiling by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Isolates from migrant birds often exhibited sub-types with higher levels of similarity to isolates from birds of the same species or feeding guild, than to isolates from other groups of birds. Likewise, could the vast majority of sub-types found among the migrant bird isolates not be identified among sub-types from human cases. Only two bird strains, one from a starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and one from a blackbird (Turdus merula), had sub-types that were similar to some of the human strain sub-types. Conclusions: Isolates from one bird species, or feeding guild, often exhibited high similarities, indicating a common transmission source for individuals, or an association between certain sub-types of C. jejuni and certain ecological guilds or phylogenetic groups of birds. Sub-types occurring among wild birds were in general distinctively different from those observed in patients. The two bird isolates that were similar to human strains were isolated from bird species that often live in close associations with human settlements. Significance and Impact of Study: Wild birds have often been mentioned as a potential route for transmission of C. jejuni to humans. Our study demonstrates that strains isolated from birds most often are different from clinical strains, but that some strain similarities occur, notably in birds strongly associated with human activities

New Precision Electroweak Tests in Supergravity Models

We update the analysis of the precision electroweak tests in terms of 4 epsilon parameters, $\epsilon_{1,2,3,b}$, to obtain more accurate experimental values of them by taking into account the new LEP data released at the 28th ICHEP (1996, Poland). We also compute $\epsilon_1$ and $\epsilon_b$ in the context of the no-scale $SU(5)\times U(1)$ supergravity model to obtain the updated constraints by imposing the correlated constraints in terms of the experimental ellipses in the $\epsilon_1-\epsilon_b$ plane and also by imposing the new bound on the lightest chargino mass, $m_{\chi^\pm_1}\gtrsim 79$ $GeV$. Upon imposing these new experimental results, we find that the situations in the no-scale model are much more favorable than those in the standard model, and if $m_t\gtrsim 170$ $GeV$, then the allowed regions at the 95% C.~L. in the no-scale model are $\tan\beta\gtrsim 4$ and $m_{\chi^\pm_1}\lesssim 120 (82)$ $GeV$ for $\mu>0 (\mu<0)$, which are in fact much more stringent than in our previous analysis. Therefore, assuming that $m_t\gtrsim 170$ $GeV$, if the lightest chargino mass bound were to be pushed up only by a few GeV, the sign on the Higgs mixing term $\mu$ in the no-scale model could well be determined from the $\epsilon_1-\epsilon_b$ constraint to be positive at the 95% C.~L. At any rate, better accuracy in the measured $m_t$ from the Tevatron in the near future combined with the LEP data is most likely to provide a decisive test of the no-scale $SU(5)\times U(1)$ supergravity model.Comment: 15 pages, REVTEX, 1 figure (not included but available as a ps file from [email protected]

Photon Orbital Angular Momentum and Mass in a Plasma Vortex

We analyse the Anderson-Higgs mechanism of photon mass acquisition in a plasma and study the contribution to the mass from the orbital angular momentum acquired by a beam of photons when it crosses a spatially structured charge distribution. To this end we apply Proca-Maxwell equations in a static plasma with a particular spatial distribution of free charges, notably a plasma vortex, that is able to impose orbital angular momentum (OAM) onto light. In addition to the mass acquisition of the conventional Anderson-Higgs mechanism, we find that the photon acquires an additional mass from the OAM and that this mass reduces the Proca photon mass.Comment: Four pages, no figures. Error corrections, improved notation, refined derivation

Detecting orbital angular momentum in radio signals

Electromagnetic waves with an azimuthal phase shift are known to have a well defined orbital angular momentum. Different methods that allow for the detection of the angular momentum are proposed. For some, we discuss the required experimental setup and explore the range of applicability

Systematic and random errors between collocated satellite ice water path observations

There remains large disagreement between ice-water path (IWP) in observational data sets, largely because the sensors observe different parts of the ice particle size distribution. A detailed comparison of retrieved IWP from satellite observations in the Tropics (!30 " latitude) in 2007 was made using collocated measurements. The radio detection and ranging(radar)/light detection and ranging (lidar) (DARDAR) IWP data set, based on combined radar/lidar measurements, is used as a reference because it provides arguably the best estimate of the total column IWP. For each data set, usable IWP dynamic ranges are inferred from this comparison. IWP retrievals based on solar reflectance measurements, in the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), advanced very high resolution radiometer–based Climate Monitoring Satellite Applications Facility (CMSAF), and Pathfinder Atmospheres-Extended (PATMOS-x) datasets, were found to be correlated with DARDAR over a large IWP range (~20–7000 g m -2 ). The random errors of the collocated data sets have a close to lognormal distribution, and the combined random error of MODIS and DARDAR is less than a factor of 2, which also sets the upper limit for MODIS alone. In the same way, the upper limit for the random error of all considered data sets is determined. Data sets based on passive microwave measurements, microwave surface and precipitation products system (MSPPS), microwave integrated retrieval system (MiRS), and collocated microwave only (CMO), are largely correlated with DARDAR for IWP values larger than approximately 700 g m -2 . The combined uncertainty between these data sets and DARDAR in this range is slightly less MODIS-DARDAR, but the systematic bias is nearly an order of magnitude

Breakdown of Lindstedt Expansion for Chaotic Maps

In a previous paper of one of us [Europhys. Lett. 59 (2002), 330--336] the validity of Greene's method for determining the critical constant of the standard map (SM) was questioned on the basis of some numerical findings. Here we come back to that analysis and we provide an interpretation of the numerical results by showing that no contradiction is found with respect to Greene's method. We show that the previous results based on the expansion in Lindstedt series do correspond to the transition value but for a different map: the semi-standard map (SSM). Moreover, we study the expansion obtained from the SM and SSM by suppressing the small divisors. The first case turns out to be related to Kepler's equation after a proper transformation of variables. In both cases we give an analytical solution for the radius of convergence, that represents the singularity in the complex plane closest to the origin. Also here, the radius of convergence of the SM's analogue turns out to be lower than the one of the SSM. However, despite the absence of small denominators these two radii are lower than the ones of the true maps for golden mean winding numbers. Finally, the analyticity domain and, in particular, the critical constant for the two maps without small divisors are studied analytically and numerically. The analyticity domain appears to be an perfect circle for the SSM analogue, while it is stretched along the real axis for the SM analogue yielding a critical constant that is larger than its radius of convergence.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure